Editing Loanword (section)

== Examples and related terms ==
A loanword is distinguished from a [[calque]] (or [[loan translation]]), which is a word or phrase whose [[Meaning (linguistics)|meaning]] or [[idiom]] is adopted from another language by word-for-word [[translation]] into existing words or word-forming roots of the recipient language.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hoffer |first1=Bates L. |title=Language Borrowing and the Indices of Adaptability and Receptivity |url=https://web.uri.edu/iaics/files/05-Bates-L.-Hoffer.pdf |website=Intercultural Communication Studies |publisher=Trinity University |access-date=10 June 2022 |date=2005}}</ref> Loanwords, in contrast, are {{em|not}} translated.

Examples of loanwords in the [[English language]] include ''[[café]]'' (from French {{Lang|fr|café}}, which means "coffee"), [[bazaar]] (from Persian {{Transliteration|fa|bāzār}}, which means "market"), and [[kindergarten]] (from German {{Lang|de|Kindergarten}}, which literally means "children's garden"). The word ''calque'' is a loanword, while the word ''loanword'' is a calque: ''calque'' comes from the French noun {{Lang|fr|calque}} ("tracing; imitation; close copy");<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Calque|title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Calque|first=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing|last=Company|website=ahdictionary.com}}</ref> while the word ''loanword'' and the phrase ''loan translation'' are translated from [[German language|German]] nouns {{Lang|de|Lehnwort}}<ref>{{cite book
|first=Charles T. |last=Carr
|series=Society for Pure English Tract No. 42
|title=The German Influence on the English Language
|date=1934
|publisher=Clarendon Press|location=Oxford|page=75
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRYFAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Loan+word%22+1874++Lehnwort+-shark
|access-date=25 February 2016}}</ref> and {{Lang|de|Lehnübersetzung}} ({{IPA|de|ˈleːnʔybɐˌzɛt͡sʊŋ|lang|De-Lehnübersetzung.ogg}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://germanenglishwords.com/|title=Robb: German English Words germanenglishwords.com|first=Robbin D.|last=Knapp|website=germanenglishwords.com}}</ref>

Loans of multi-word phrases, such as the English use of the French term ''[[déjà vu]]'', are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings.<ref>{{Cite journal
|last1=Chesley |first1=Paula |author-link1=<!-- No Wikipedia article --> 
|first2=R. Harald |last2=Baayen |author-link2=<!-- No Wikipedia article -->
|date=2010
|title=Predicting New Words from Newer Words: Lexical Borrowings in French
|journal=Linguistics |volume=48 |number=4  |pages=1343–74|doi=10.1515/ling.2010.043 |s2cid=51733037 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book
|first=Sarah G. |last=Thomason |author-link=<!-- No Wikipedia article -->
|title=Language Contact: An Introduction
|publisher=Georgetown University Press |location=Washington
|date=2001}}</ref>

Although colloquial and [[informal register]] loanwords are typically spread by word-of-mouth, technical or academic loanwords tend to be first used in written language, often for scholarly, scientific, or literary purposes.<ref name="algeo 2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=znFmBZ2D8rEC&q=%22popular+and+learned+loanwords%22&pg=PA248|title=The Origins and Development of the English Language|last=Algeo|first=John|date=2 February 2009|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1428231450|language=en}}</ref><ref name="fiedler">{{cite journal |last1=Fiedler |first1=Sabine |title=Phraseological borrowing from English into German: Cultural and pragmatic implications |journal=Journal of Pragmatics |date=May 2017 |volume=113 |pages=89–102 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2017.03.002}}</ref>

The terms [[substratum (linguistics)|substrate]] and [[superstrate]] are often used when two languages interact. However, the meaning of these terms is reasonably well-defined only in second language acquisition or language replacement events, when the native speakers of a certain source language (the substrate) are somehow compelled to abandon it for another target language (the superstrate).<ref>{{Citation|first = Uriel|last = Weinreich|orig-date = 1953|year = 1979|title = Languages in Contact: Findings and Problems|location = New York|publisher = Mouton Publishers|isbn = 978-90-279-2689-0}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=December 2021}}

A [[Wanderwort]] is a word that has been borrowed across a wide range of languages remote from its original source; an example is the word ''tea'', which originated in [[Hokkien]] but has been borrowed into languages all over the world. For a sufficiently old Wanderwort, it may become difficult or impossible to determine in what language it actually originated.

Most of the [[List of musical terms|technical vocabulary of classical music]] (such as [[concerto]], [[allegro (music)|allegro]], [[tempo]], [[aria]], [[opera]], and [[soprano]]) is borrowed from [[Italian language|Italian]],<ref>Shanet 1956: 155.</ref> and that of [[ballet]] from [[French language|French]].<ref>Kersley & Sinclair 1979: 3.</ref> Much of the [[Glossary of fencing|terminology]] of the sport of [[fencing]] also comes from French. Many loanwords come from prepared food, drink, fruits, vegetables, seafood and more from languages around the world. In particular, many come from [[French cuisine]] ([[crêpe]], [[Chantilly (disambiguation)|Chantilly]], [[crème brûlée]]), [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] ([[pasta]], [[linguine]], [[pizza]], [[espresso]]), and [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] ([[dim sum]], [[chow mein]], [[wonton]]).