Editing Local government (section)

==Africa==
=== Egypt ===
{{Main|Governorates of Egypt}}

[[Egypt]] has a [[Centralisation|centralised]] system of local government officially called local administration as it is a branch of the [[Executive (government)|Executive]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |date=1979 |title=Law 43/1979 |url=https://www.cc.gov.eg/legislation_single?id=277460 |journal=The Official Gazette}}</ref>  The country is divided into 27 [[governorates]] ({{lang|ar|محافظة}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|muḥāfaẓah}}''; {{IPA|arz|moˈħɑfzˤɑ}}; [[Genitive case#Arabic|genitive case]]: {{transliteration|ar|ALA|muḥāfaẓat&nbsp;}} {{IPA|arz|moˈħɑfzˤet|}}; plural: {{lang|ar|محافظات}} ''{{transliteration|ar|ALA|muḥāfaẓāt&nbsp;}}''{{IPA|arz|moħɑfˈzˤɑːt|}}),<ref>{{cite web |title=Governorates of Egypt |url=https://www.presidency.eg/en/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Arab Republic of Egypt - Presidency}}</ref> the top tier of local administration. A governorate is administered by a [[governor]], who is appointed by the [[President of Egypt]] and serves at the president's discretion.

Governors have the civilian rank of minister and report directly to the [[Prime Minister of Egypt|prime minister]], who chairs the Board of Governors and meets with them on a regular basis.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-28 |title=The Cabinet - Governors' Meetings |url=http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/English/MediaCenter/GovernorsMeetings/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2022-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228045816/http://www.cabinet.gov.eg/English/MediaCenter/GovernorsMeetings/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2020-02-28 }}</ref> The [[Ministry of Local Development|Minister of Local Development]] coordinates the governors and their governorate's budgets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About the Ministry |url=https://mld.gov.eg/en/p/3/about-us/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Ministry of Local Development}}</ref>

===Mali===

In recent years{{When|date=September 2022}}, [[Mali]] has undertaken an ambitious decentralization program, which involves the capital district of [[Bamako]], seven regions subdivided into 46 cercles, and 682 rural community districts (communes). The state retains an advisory role in administrative and fiscal matters, and it provides technical support, coordination, and legal recourse to these levels. Opportunities for direct political participation, and increased local responsibility for development have been improved.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

In August–September 1998, elections were held for urban council members, who subsequently elected their mayors. In May/June 1999, citizens of the communes elected their communal council members for the first time. Female voter turnout was about 70% of the total, and observers considered the process open and transparent. With mayors, councils, and boards in place at the local level, newly elected officials, civil society organizations, decentralized technical services, private sector interests, other communes, and donor groups began partnering to further development.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

Eventually, the cercles will be reinstituted (formerly grouping arrondissements) with a legal and financial basis of their own. Their councils will be chosen by and from members of the communal councils. The regions, at the highest decentralized level, will have a similar legal and financial autonomy, and will comprise a number of cercles within their geographical boundaries. Mali needs to build capacity at these levels, especially to mobilize and manage financial resources.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}

=== Nigeria ===
{{Main|Local government areas of Nigeria}}

[[Nigeria]] as a [[federal republic]] operates three tiers of government: federal (or central), states 
and local government. The country's [[constitution]] provides for each local government (which exists in a single tier countrywide), and its development areas and autonomous communities created by individual state legislation to have [[Democracy|democratically]] elected local government heads. There is a ministry (or bureau) of local government and chieftaincy affairs in each state charged with the responsibility of administration at that level. Nigeria has a total of 774 [[Local Government Areas]] 
(LGAs).<ref>{{Cite book |title=Country Profile 2019  |trans-title=The Local Government System in Nigeria |url=http://www.clgf.org.uk/nigeria |page=161 |format=PDF |access-date=February 26, 2021}}</ref>

===South Africa===

{{Main article|Local government in South Africa}}
[[South Africa]] has a two-tiered local government system comprising local [[Municipality|municipalities]] which fall into district municipalities, and metropolitan municipalities which span both tiers of local government.