Editing Location-based service (section)

==History==
Location-based services (LBSs) are widely used in many computer systems and applications. Modern location-based services are made possible by technological developments such as the [[World Wide Web]], [[satellite navigation]] systems, and the widespread use of [[mobile phones]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brimicombe|first1=Allan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lX2wMJ287UC&q=location+based+services&pg=PR13|title=Location-Based Services and Geo-Information Engineering|last2=Li|first2=Chao|date=2009-02-17|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-85738-0|page=1|language=en}}</ref>

Location-based services were developed by integrating data from [[satellite navigation systems]], [[cellular networks]], and [[mobile computing]], to provide services based on the geographical locations of users.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ahson|first1=Syed A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn1WC_b-MfkC&q=location+based+services&pg=PT489|title=Location-Based Services Handbook: Applications, Technologies, and Security|last2=Ilyas|first2=Mohammad|date=2011-06-03|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4398-5672-7|language=en}}</ref> Over their history, location-based software has evolved from simple synchronization-based service models to authenticated and complex tools for implementing virtually any location-based service model or facility.

There is currently no agreed upon criteria for defining the market size of location-based services, but the [[European GNSS Agency]] estimated that 40% of all [[computer applications]] used location-based software as of 2013, and 30% of all Internet searches were for locations.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Gartner|first1=Georg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKcxBQAAQBAJ&q=location+based+services&pg=PA272|title=Progress in Location-Based Services 2014|last2=Huang|first2=Haosheng|date=2014-11-05|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-11879-6|page=273|language=en}}</ref>

LBS is the ability to open and close specific data objects based on the use of location or time (or both) as controls and triggers or as part of complex [[cryptography|cryptographic]] key or hashing systems and the data they provide access to. Location-based services may be one of the most heavily used [[application-layer]] [[Decision support system|decision framework]] in computing.

The [[Global Positioning System]] was first developed by the [[United States Department of Defense]] in the 1970s, and was made available for worldwide use and use by civilians in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Schiller|first1=Jochen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wj19b5wVfXAC&q=location+based+services&pg=PA1|title=Location-Based Services|last2=Voisard|first2=Agnès|date=2004-05-21|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-049172-1|page=10|language=en}}</ref> Research forerunners of today's location-based services include the infrared Active Badge system<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/attarchive/ab.html |title=Active Badge system, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory |access-date=2013-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127062225/http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/research/dtg/attarchive/ab.html |archive-date=2013-01-27 }}</ref> (1989–1993), the [[Ericsson]]-Europolitan [[GSM]] LBS trial by Jörgen Johansson (1995), and the master thesis written by Nokia employee Timo Rantalainen in 1995.<ref>Rantalainen, Timo (1995), "Location of Mobile Station in the GSM network", Master's thesis available at Aalto University Otaniemi Main Library (P1 Ark S80).</ref>

In 1990 International Teletrac Systems (later [[PacTel]] Teletrac), founded in Los Angeles CA, introduced the world's first dynamic real-time [[stolen vehicle recovery]] services. As an adjacency to this they began developing location-based services that could transmit information about location-based goods and services to custom-programmed alphanumeric [[Motorola]] [[pager]]s.  In 1996 the US [[Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC) issued rules requiring all US mobile operators to locate [[emergency call]]ers. This rule was a compromise resulting from US mobile operators seeking the support of the emergency community in order to obtain the same protection from lawsuits relating to emergency calls as fixed-line operators already had.

In 1997 Christopher Kingdon, of Ericsson, handed in the Location Services (LCS) stage 1 description to the joint GSM group of the [[European Telecommunications Standards Institute]] (ETSI) and the [[American National Standards Institute]] (ANSI). As a result, the LCS sub-working group was created under ANSI T1P1.5. This group went on to select positioning methods and standardize Location Services (LCS), later known as Location Based Services (LBS). Nodes defined include the Gateway Mobile Location Centre (GMLC), the Serving Mobile Location Centre (SMLC) and concepts such as Mobile Originating Location Request (MO-LR), Network Induced Location Request (NI-LR) and Mobile Terminating Location Request (MT-LR).

As a result of these efforts in 1999 the first digital location-based service patent was filed in the US and ultimately issued after nine office actions in March 2002. The patent<ref>US6370629 [http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&S1=6370629.PN.&OS=pn/6370629&RS=PN/6370629] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224050410/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PTXT&S1=6370629.PN.&OS=pn%2F6370629&RS=PN%2F6370629|date=2021-02-24}} - Controlling Access to Stored Information Based on Location And/Or Time</ref> has controls which when applied to today's networking models provide key value in all systems.

In 2000, after approval from the world’s twelve largest telecom operators, Ericsson, Motorola and [[Nokia]] jointly formed and launched the Location Interoperability Forum Ltd (LIF). This forum first specified the [[Mobile Location Protocol]] (MLP), an interface between the telecom network and an LBS application running on a server in the Internet domain. Then, much driven by the [[Vodafone]] group, LIF went on to specify the Location Enabling Server (LES), a "[[middleware]]", which simplifies the integration of multiple LBS with an operators infrastructure. In 2004 LIF was merged with the [[Open Mobile Association]] (OMA). An LBS work group was formed within the OMA.

In 2002, Marex.com in Miami Florida designed the world first marine asset telemetry device for commercial sale. The device, designed by Marex and engineered by its partner firms in telecom and hardware, was capable of transmitting location data and retrieving location-based service data via both cellular and satellite-based communications channels. Utilizing the Orbcomm satellite network, the device had multi level SOS features for both MAYDAY and marine assistance, vessel system condition and performance monitoring with remote notification, and a dedicated hardware device similar to GPS units. Based upon the device location, it was capable of providing detailed bearing, distance and communication information to the vessel operator in real time, in addition to the marine assistance and MAYDAY features. The concept and functionality was coined ''Location Based Services'' by the principal architect and product manager for Marex, Jason Manowitz, SVP, Product and Strategy. The device was branded as ''Integrated Marine Asset Management System'' (''IMAMS''), and the proof-of-concept beta device was demonstrated to various US government agencies for vessel identification, tracking, and enforcement operations in addition to the commercial product line.<ref>{{cite web|title=Merchant Marine {{!}} Emerson CZ|url=https://www.emerson.com/cs-cz/automation/fluid-control-pneumatics/merchant-marine|access-date=2021-10-10|website=www.emerson.com|language=cs-cz}}</ref> The device was capable of tracking assets including ships, planes, shipping containers, or any other mobile asset with a proper power source and antenna placement. Marex's financial challenges were unable to support product introduction and the beta device disappeared.

The first consumer LBS-capable mobile Web device was the [[Palm VII]], released in 1999.<ref>[http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1999/05/30/the-world-in-your-hand.html The World in Your Hand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115124403/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/1999/05/30/the-world-in-your-hand.html |date=2012-01-15 }}. Newsweek. 30 May 1999</ref> Two of the in-the-box applications made use of the [[ZIP Code|ZIP-code]]–level positioning information and share the title for first consumer LBS application: the Weather.com app from The Weather Channel, and the<ref name="tarif4you.de">[http://www.tarif4you.de/news/n10079.html Vodafone Friendzone: Mobile Community auf SMS-Basis Freunde mit Ortungs-Serviceim D2-Netz finden]. tarif4you.de. 8 April 2003 (in German)</ref> TrafficTouch app from Sony-[[Etak]] / Metro Traffic.<ref>[http://examples.oreilly.com/9781565926004/Sample_Palm_VII_Apps/DevPQA/devpqa3.htm PQA development examples]. O'reilly Palm VII Development</ref><ref>[http://www.gregbryant.com/lbs/index.html The First Location Based Service] [[Greg Bryant (computer scientist)]]'s Palm VII programming memoir, March 2014</ref>

The first LBS services were launched during 2001 by TeliaSonera in Sweden (FriendFinder, yellow pages, houseposition, emergency call location etc.) and by EMT in Estonia (emergency call location, friend finder, TV game). TeliaSonera and EMT based their services on the Ericsson Mobile Positioning System (MPS).

Other early LBSs include friendzone, launched by swisscom in [[Switzerland]] in May 2001, using the technology of valis ltd. The service included friend finder, LBS dating and LBS games. The same service was launched later by [[Vodafone]] Germany, Orange Portugal and Pelephone in [[Israel]].<ref name="tarif4you.de"/> Microsoft's Wi-Fi-based indoor location system RADAR (2000), MIT's Cricket project using ultrasound location (2000) and Intel's Place Lab with wide-area location (2003).<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Anind Dey |author2=Jeffrey Hightower |author3=Eyal de Lara |author4=Nigel Davies |year=2010|title= Location-Based Services|journal=Pervasive Computing|pages= 11–12|doi=10.1109/MPRV.2010.10|volume=9 |s2cid=12423179 }}</ref>

In May 2002, go2 and [[AT&T Mobility]] launched the first (US) mobile LBS local search application that used Automatic Location Identification (ALI) technologies mandated by the FCC. go2 users were able to use AT&T's ALI to determine their location and search near that location to obtain a list of requested locations (stores, restaurants, etc.) ranked by proximity to the ALI provide by the AT&T wireless network. The ALI determined location was also used as a starting point for [[Turn-by-turn navigation|turn-by-turn]] directions.

The main advantage is that mobile users do not have to manually specify postal codes or other location identifiers to use LBS, when they roam into a different location.