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Logic family
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== Technologies == The list of packaged building-block logic families can be divided into categories, listed here in roughly chronological order of introduction, along with their usual abbreviations: * [[Resistorātransistor logic]] (RTL) ** [[Direct-coupled transistor logic]] (DCTL) ** Direct-coupled unipolar transistor logic (DCUTL) ** Resistorācapacitorātransistor logic (RCTL) * [[Emitter-coupled logic]] (ECL) ** [[Positive emitter-coupled logic]] (PECL) ** [[Low-voltage positive emitter-coupled logic|Low-voltage PECL]] (LVPECL) ** Complementary transistor micrologic (CTuL)<ref name="Savard_CTUL">{{harvnb|Savard|2018}}</ref><ref name="Mueller_CTL">{{cite web |title=Logic gates |author-first=Dieter |author-last=Mueller |date=2005 |url=http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/mt15a/mt15a_3.htm |access-date=2018-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718213328/http://www.6502.org/users/dieter/mt15a/mt15a_3.htm |archive-date=2018-07-18}}</ref> * [[Diodeātransistor logic]] (DTL) ** Complemented transistor diode logic (CTDL) ** [[High Threshold Logic|High-threshold logic]] (HTL) * [[Transistorātransistor logic]] (TTL) * [[MOSFET|Metalāoxideāsemiconductor (MOS) logic]] ** [[PMOS logic|P-type MOS (PMOS) logic]] ** [[NMOS logic|N-type MOS (NMOS) logic]] *** [[Depletion-load NMOS logic]] *** High-density NMOS ([[HMOS]]) ** [[CMOS|Complementary MOS (CMOS) logic]] ** [[BiMOS|Bipolar MOS (BiMOS) logic]] *** [[BiCMOS|Bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS)]] * [[Integrated injection logic]] (I<sup>2</sup>L) * [[Gunning transceiver logic]] (GTL) The families RTL, DTL, and ECL were derived from the logic circuits used in early computers, originally implemented using [[discrete component]]s. One example is the [[Philips]] [[NORBIT]] family of logic building blocks. The PMOS and I<sup>2</sup>L logic families were used for relatively short periods, mostly in special purpose custom [[large-scale integration]] circuits devices, and are generally considered obsolete. For example, early digital clocks or electronic calculators may have used one or more PMOS devices to provide most of the logic for the finished product. The [[F-14 CADC|F-14 Central Air Data Computer]], [[Intel 4004]], [[Intel 4040]], and [[Intel 8008]] [[microprocessor]]s and their support chips were PMOS. Of these families, only ECL, TTL, NMOS, CMOS, and BiCMOS are currently still in widespread use. ECL is used for very high-speed applications because of its price and power demands, while [[NMOS logic]] is mainly used in [[VLSI]] circuits applications such as CPUs and memory chips which fall outside of the scope of this article. Present-day "building block" logic gate ICs are based on the ECL, TTL, CMOS, and BiCMOS families.
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