Editing Long-tailed duck (section)

==Taxonomy==
The long-tailed duck was [[Species description|formally described]] by the Swedish naturalist [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758 in the [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|tenth edition]] of his ''[[Systema Naturae]]''. He placed it with all the other ducks in the genus ''[[Anas]]'' and coined the [[binomial nomenclature|binomial name]] ''Anas hyemalis''.<ref>{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=126 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727031 }}</ref> Linnaeus cited the English naturalist [[George Edwards (naturalist)|George Edwards]]'s description and illustration of the "Long-tailed duck from Hudson's-Bay" that had been published in 1750 in the third volume of his ''A Natural History of Uncommon Birds''.<ref>{{ cite book | last=Edwards | first=George | author-link=George Edwards (naturalist) | year=1750 | title=A Natural History of Uncommon Birds | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author at the College of Physicians | volume=Part III | page=156 Plates 156 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50196354 }}</ref>

This duck is now the only species placed in the genus ''Clangula''; the genus was introduced in 1819 by the English zoologist [[William Elford Leach|William Leach]] to accommodate the long-tailed duck, in an appendix on species to [[John Ross (Royal Navy officer)|John Ross]]'s account of his voyage to look for the [[Northwest Passage]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Leach | first=William Elford | author-link=William Elford Leach | editor-last=Ross | editor-first=John | editor-link=John Ross (Royal Navy officer)| year=1819 | title=A Voyage of Discovery made under the orders of the Admiralty in her Majesty's ships Isabella and Alexander, for the purpose of exploring Baffin's Bay, and enquiring into the probability of a North-West passage | location=London | publisher=John Murray | at=Appendix II: Zoological Memoranda, pp. 48–49 | url=https://archive.org/details/voyageofdiscover00ross/page/48/mode/1up }}</ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=492 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16109132 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=July 2021 | title=Screamers, ducks, geese & swans | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.2 | url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/waterfowl/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=1 December 2021 }}</ref> The genus name ''Clangula'' is a diminutive of the [[Latin]] ''clangere'', meaning "to resound". The specific epithet ''hyemalis'', also Latin, means "of winter".<ref>{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn= 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages=[https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n110/mode/1up 110], [https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n197/mode/1up 197]}}</ref> The species is considered to be [[monotypic]] – no [[subspecies]] are recognised.<ref name=ioc/>

In [[North American English]] it is sometimes called ''oldsquaw'', though this name has fallen out of favour. In 2000, the American Ornithologists' Union (AOU) formally adopted the name ''long-tailed duck'', in response to petitioning by a group of biologists who feared that the former name would be offensive to [[Indigenous peoples in the Americas|Native American]] tribes whose help was required for conservation efforts.{{efn|Though ''[[squaw]]'' originated as a word simply meaning "young woman" in the [[Massachusett]] and related [[Algonquian languages]], it is now considered offensive by many Native Americans and is labelled as such in modern dictionaries.<ref name="NMAI">{{cite book |author=National Museum of the American Indian |title=Do All Indians Live in Tipis? |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-06-115301-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061153013 |page=12}}</ref>}} The AOU stated that "[[political correctness]]" alone was not sufficient to justify changing a long-standing name, but in this case decided to make the change because doing so would "conform with English usage in other parts of the world".<ref name=AOU/>

An undescribed [[Conspecificity|congener]] is known from the [[Middle Miocene]] [[Sajóvölgyi Formation]] (Late [[Badenian]], 13–12 Mya) of [[Mátraszőlős]], [[Hungary]].<ref name=Gal1998/>