Editing Lucifer (section)

==Roman folklore and etymology==
[[File:Lucifer (the morning star). Engraving by G.H. Frezza, 1704, Wellcome V0035916.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Lucifer (the morning star) represented as a winged child pouring light from a jar. Engraving by G.&nbsp;H. Frezza, 1704.]]
In [[Roman folklore]], Lucifer ("light-bringer" in Latin) was the name of the planet Venus, though he was often [[Personification|personified]] as a male figure bearing a torch. The Greek name for this planet was variously [[Phosphoros]] (also meaning "light-bringer") or [[Heosphoros]] (meaning "dawn-bringer").<ref name="EBLCM">[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lucifer-classical-mythology "Lucifer] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124092904/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lucifer-classical-mythology |date=2020-01-24 }}" in ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''].</ref> Lucifer was said to be "the fabled son of [[Aurora (mythology)|Aurora]]<ref name="Auffarth">{{cite book | editor1-first=Christoph | editor1-last=Auffarth | editor1-link=Christoph Auffarth | editor2-first=Loren T. | editor2-last=Stuckenbruck | editor2-link=Loren T. Stuckenbruck | title=The Fall of the Angels | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC | date=2004 | publisher=BRILL | location=Leiden | page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lhNyGFkT3QYC&pg=PA62&dq=%22Lucifer+who+in+Roman+mythology+is+the+son+of+Aurora%22%22This+corresponds+to+the+Greek+mythology+where+Eos,+the+goddess+of+dawn,+gives+birth+to+the+morning+star+Phosphorus%3B+see+Hesiod,+Theog.+986f.%22 62] |isbn=978-90-04-12668-8}}</ref> and [[Cephalus]], and father of [[Ceyx]]". He was often presented in poetry as heralding the dawn.<ref name="EBLCM" />[[File:Mercury, Venus and the Moon Align.jpg|thumb|Planet Venus in alignment with Mercury (above) and the Moon (below)]]The Latin word corresponding to Greek {{transliteration|grc|Phosphoros}} is {{lang |la |Lucifer}}. It is used in its astronomical sense both in prose{{efn|Cicero wrote: {{lang |la |Stella Veneris, quae}} {{lang|grc|Φωσφόρος}} {{lang |la |Graece, Latine dicitur Lucifer, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperos}}. ("The star of Venus, called {{lang|grc|Φωσφόρος}} in [[Greek language|Greek]] and Lucifer in Latin when it precedes, Hesperos when it follows the sun".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd2.shtml#53 |title=De Natura Deorum 2, 20, 53 |access-date=2019-04-01 |archive-date=2007-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316053820/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/cicero/nd2.shtml#53 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}{{efn|[[Pliny the Elder]]: {{lang |la |Sidus appellatum Veneris [...] ante matutinum exoriens Luciferi nomen accipit [...] contra ab occasu refulgens nuncupatur Vesper}} ("The star called Venus [...] when it rises in the morning is given the name Lucifer [...] but when it shines at sunset it is called Vesper".)<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0004&query=id%3D%23927 Natural History 2, 36].</ref>}} and poetry.{{efn|[[Virgil]] wrote:
{{poemquote|{{lang |la |Luciferi primo cum sidere frigida rura
carpamus, dum mane novum, dum gramina canent}}}}
("Let us hasten, when first the Morning Star appears, to the cool pastures, while the day is new, while the grass is dewy")<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vergil/geo3.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115200220/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/vergil/geo3.shtml |date=2019-11-15 }}[[Georgics]]3:324–325.</ref>}}{{efn|[[Marcus Annaeus Lucanus]]:
{{poemquote|{{lang |la |Lucifer a Casia prospexit rupe diemque
misit in Aegypton primo quoque sole calentem}}}}
("The morning-star looked forth from Mount Casius and sent the daylight over Egypt, where even sunrise is hot")<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/lucan/lucan10.shtml Lucan, ''Pharsalia'', 10:434–435] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130021734/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/lucan/lucan10.shtml |date=2019-01-30 }}; [https://archive.org/stream/lucancivilwarboo00lucauoft/lucancivilwarboo00lucauoft_djvu.txt English translation by J.&nbsp;D. Duff (Loeb Classical Library)].</ref>}} Poets sometimes [[personification|personify]] the star, placing it in a mythological context.{{efn|[[Ovid]] wrote:
{{poemquote|{{lang |la |[...] vigil nitido patefecit ab ortu
purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
atria: diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit
Lucifer et caeli statione novissimus exit}}}}
("Aurora, awake in the glowing east, opens wide her bright doors, and her rose-filled courts. The stars, whose ranks are shepherded by Lucifer the morning star, vanish, and he, last of all, leaves his station in the sky")<ref>''Metamorphoses'' 2.114–115; [http://etext.virginia.edu/latin/ovid/trans/Metamorph2.htm#476707492 A. S. Kline's Version.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609092100/http://etext.virginia.edu/latin/ovid/trans/Metamorph2.htm#476707492 |date=2012-06-09 }}</ref>}}{{efn|[[Statius]]:
{{poemquote|{{lang |la |Et iam Mygdoniis elata cubilibus alto
impulerat caelo gelidas Aurora tenebras,
rorantes excussa comas multumque sequenti
sole rubens; illi roseus per nubila seras
aduertit flammas alienumque aethera tardo
Lucifer exit equo, donec pater igneus orbem
impleat atque ipsi radios uetet esse sorori}}}}
("And now [[Dawn|Aurora]] rising from her [[Tithonus|Mygdonian]] couch had driven the cold darkness on from high in the heavens, shaking out her dewy hair, her face blushing red at the pursuing sun – from him roseate Lucifer averts his fires lingering in the clouds and with reluctant horse leaves the heavens no longer his, until [[Sun|the blazing father]] make full his orb and forbid even [[Moon|his sister]] her beams")<ref>[http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/statius/theb2.shtml] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205950/http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/statius/theb2.shtml |date=2019-03-30 }}[[Thebaid (Latin poem)|Statius, ''Thebaid'']]2, 134–150</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847183545-sample.pdf |author=P. Papinius Statius |volume=II |title=Thebaid and Achilleid |translator1=A. L. Ritchie |translator2=J. B. Hall |others=Collaboration with M. J. Edwards |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publisher |isbn=978-1-84718-354-5 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723181455/http://www.c-s-p.org/Flyers/9781847183545-sample.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref>}}

Lucifer's mother Aurora corresponds to goddesses in other cultures. The name "Aurora" is semantically akin to the name of the [[Vedic]] goddess [[:bn:দনু (অসুর)|Denu]] (more directly cognate to, ''e.g.'', "dawn"), the daughter of king Daksha, and is cognate to the names of the [[Culture of Lithuania|Lithuania]]n goddess [[Aušrinė]] and of the Greek goddess [[Eos]], all three being also goddesses of the dawn. All four are considered to descend from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] stem ''{{PIE|*h₂ewsṓs}}''<ref>[[Robert S. P. Beekes|R. S. P. Beekes]], ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 492.</ref> (later ''{{PIE|*Ausṓs}}''), "dawn", a stem that also gave rise to [[Proto-Germanic]] {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Austrō}}, [[Old Germanic]] {{lang|gem-x-proto|*Ōstara}} and [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|[[Ēostre]]/Ēastre}} (whence also [[German language|Modern German]] "{{lang|de|[[Austria|Österreich]]|italic=no}}" meaning "Eastern Empire", as well as [[English language|Modern English]] "east".) This agreement has led scholars to reconstruct a [[Hausos|Proto-Indo-European dawn goddess]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |last2=Adams |first2=D. Q. |title=The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall |url-access=limited |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-929668-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordintroducti00mall/page/n456 432]}}</ref>

The 2nd-century Roman mythographer [[De Astronomica|Hyginus]] said of the planet:<ref>[https://topostext.org/work/207#2.42.4 ''Astronomica'' 2.42.4 (trans. Grant)].</ref>

{{blockquote|The fourth star is that of Venus, Luciferus by name. Some say it is Juno's. In many tales it is recorded that it is called Hesperus, too. It seems to be the largest of all stars. Some have said it represents the son of Aurora and Cephalus, who surpassed many in beauty, so that he even vied with Venus, and, as Eratosthenes says, for this reason it is called the star of Venus. It is visible both at dawn and sunset, and so properly has been called both Luciferus and Hesperus.}}

The Latin poet [[Ovid]], in his 1st-century epic {{lang |la |[[Metamorphoses]]}}, describes Lucifer as ordering the heavens:<ref>[http://www.theoi.com/Titan/AstraPlaneta.html Metamorphoses 2. 112 ff (trans. Melville)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211053159/http://www.theoi.com/Titan/AstraPlaneta.html |date=2014-12-11 }}.</ref>

{{blockquote|Aurora, watchful in the reddening dawn, threw wide her crimson doors and rose-filled halls; the Stellae took flight, in marshaled order set by Lucifer who left his station last.}}

Ovid, speaking of Phosphorus and [[Hesperus]] (the Evening Star, the evening appearance of the planet Venus) as identical, makes him the father of [[Daedalion]].<ref>''[[Metamorphoses]]'', 11:295.</ref> Ovid also makes him the father of [[Ceyx]],<ref>''Metamorphoses'', 11:271.</ref><ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Pseudo-Apollodorus]]. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&highlight=Lucifer ''Bibliotheca'', 1.7.4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225193925/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Apollod.+1.7.4&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022:book=1:chapter=7&highlight=Lucifer |date=2021-02-25 }}.</ref> while the Latin grammarian [[Maurus Servius Honoratus|Servius]] makes him the father of the [[Hesperides]] or of [[Hesperis (mythology)|Hesperis]].<ref name="TGM">{{cite web |url=http://www.theoi.com/Titan/AsterEosphoros.html |title=EOSPHORUS & HESPERUS (Eosphoros & Hesperos) – Greek Gods of the Morning & Evening Stars |access-date=2019-04-01 |archive-date=2019-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714105448/https://www.theoi.com/Titan/AsterEosphoros.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the classical Roman period, Lucifer was not typically regarded as a deity and had few, if any, myths,<ref name=EBLCM/> though the planet was associated with various deities and often poetically personified. [[Cicero]] stated that "You say that Sol and Luna are deities, and the Greeks identify the former with Apollo and the latter with Diana. But if Luna is a goddess, then Lucifer (the Morning-Star) also and the rest of the Wandering Stars ({{lang |la |Stellae Errantes}}) will have to be counted gods; and if so, then the Fixed Stars ({{lang |la |Stellae Inerrantes}}) as well."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theoi.com/Titan/AstraPlaneta.html |title=Cicero, De Natura Deorum 3. 19. |access-date=2018-11-01 |archive-date=2014-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211053159/http://www.theoi.com/Titan/AstraPlaneta.html |url-status=live }}</ref>