Editing Lyonel Feininger (section)

==Life and work==
[[File:Lyonel Feininger, 1914, Benz VI, oil on canvas, 100 x 125 cm (39.3 x 49.2 in).jpg|thumb|right|230px|Lyonel Feininger, 1914, ''Benz VI'', oil on canvas, 100 × 125 cm (39.3 × 49.2 in)]]
[[File:Lyonel_Feininger%27s_painting_%27Gaberndorf_II%27%2C_1924.jpg|thumb|Lyonel Feininger, 1924, ''Gaberndorf II'', oil on canvas mounted on board, (39 7/16 × 30 3/4 in)
Included in [[Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art]], [http://art.nelson-atkins.org/objects/20694/gaberndorf-ii?ctx=7ddf4694-caff-44e6-960f-68871dd0512f&idx=0 46-10] ]]
Lyonel Feininger was born to German-American violinist and composer [[Karl Feininger]] and American singer Elizabeth Feininger.<ref name=aaabio>{{cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alfred-vance-churchill-papers-regarding-lyonel-feininger-9000/more#biohist|title=Alfred Vance Churchill papers regarding Lyonel Feininger, 1888–1944|work=Archive of American Art Finding Aids|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref> He was born and grew up in New York City.<ref>artnet: [http://www.artnet.com/artist/674148/lyonel-feininger.html "Lyonel Feininger (American/German, 1871–1956)"]: "Lyonel Feininger (Léonell Charles Feininger) is born in New York City on July 17th. He was the first child of the violinist Karl Feininger from Durlach in Baden (South West Germany) and the American singer Elizabeth Cecilia Feininger, born Lutz, who was also of German descent."</ref> In 1887 he traveled to Germany at the age of 16<ref name=coop>Cooper, Philip. ''Cubism''. London: Phaidon, 1995, p. 90. {{ISBN|0714832502}}</ref> to study music, but switched to study drawing at the [[University of Fine Arts of Hamburg|Hamburger Gewerbeschule]]. In 1888, he moved to Berlin and studied at the [[Academy_of_Arts,_Berlin|Königliche Akademie der Künste, Berlin]] under [[Ernst Hancke]]. He continued his studies at art schools in Berlin with [[Adolf Schlabitz]], and in Paris with sculptor [[Filippo Colarossi]]. He began working as a caricaturist.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica: [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lyonel-Feininger "Lyonel Feininger. American artist."] Last Updated: 9 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</ref> He worked for several magazines, including ''[[Harper's Round Table]]'', ''[[Harper's Young People]]'', ''Humoristische Blätter'', ''[[Lustige Blätter]]'', ''[[Das Narrenschiff (magazine)|Das Narrenschiff]]'', ''[[Berliner Tageblatt]]'' and ''[[Ulk]]''.

In 1900, he met [[Clara Fürst]], daughter of the painter Gustav Fürst. He married her in 1901, and they had two daughters. In 1905, he separated from his wife after meeting Julia Berg. He married Berg in 1908 and the couple had three sons.

The artist was represented with drawings at the exhibitions of the annual [[Berlin Secession]] in the years 1901 through 1903.

Feininger's career as cartoonist began in 1894. He was working for several German, French and American magazines. In February 1906, when a quarter of Chicago's population was of German descent, [[James Keeley]], editor of The ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' traveled to Germany to procure the services of the most popular humor artists. He recruited Feininger to illustrate two comic strips "[[The Kin-der-Kids]]" and "[[Wee Willie Winkie's World]]" for the ''Chicago Tribune''.<ref name=aaabio/><ref name=osu>{{cite web|url=http://cartoons.osu.edu/digital_albums/lyonelfeininger/feininger.html|title=Lyonel Feininger|work=Cartoons|publisher=Ohio State University|access-date=2011-07-29}}</ref> The strips were noted for their [[wikt:fey|fey]] humor and graphic experimentation. He also worked as a commercial caricaturist for 20 years for various newspapers and magazines in the United States, Germany, and France. Later, [[Art Spiegelman]] wrote in ''[[The New York Times Book Review]],'' that Feininger's comics have "achieved a breathtaking formal grace unsurpassed in the history of the medium."<ref name=osu/>

Feininger started working as a fine artist at the age of 36. He was a member of the ''[[Berlin Secession|Berliner Sezession]]'' in 1909, and he was associated with [[German Expressionism|German expressionist]] groups: [[Die Brücke]], the [[Novembergruppe]], [[Gruppe 1919]], the [[Blaue Reiter]] circle and [[Die Blaue Vier]] (The Blue Four). His first solo exhibit was at [[Sturm Gallery]] in Berlin, 1917.<ref name="test" /> When [[Walter Gropius]] founded the [[Bauhaus]] in Germany in 1919, Feininger was his first faculty appointment, and became the master artist in charge of the printmaking workshop.<ref name=aaabio/><ref name="test">Muir, Laura and Nathan Timpano. Lyonel Feininger: Photographs 1928–1939.</ref>

[[File:Benz-Feininger-090626-008.JPG|thumb|Feininger Tour marker in Benz, [[Usedom]] Island, Germany]]
From 1909 until 1918, Feininger spent summer vacations on the island of [[Usedom]] to recover and to get new inspiration. Typical of works from this period were marine settings from the shores of the Baltic See (Ostsee). He continued to create paintings and drawings of [[Benz (Usedom)|Benz]] for the rest of his life, even after returning to live in the United States. A tour of the sites appearing in the works of Feininger follows a path with markers in the ground to guide visitors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.papileo.de/|title=Lyonel-Feininger-Tour auf Usedom|website=www.papileo.de}}</ref><ref name="mi 2014-12-16">{{cite web |last1=Backert |first1=Elke |title=The island of Usedom: Where the last German emperor was staying for summer |url=http://meine-inseln.net/die-insel-usedom-wo-der-letzte-deutsche-kaiser-zur-sommerfrische-weilte_723/?lang=en |website=My Islands |access-date=8 June 2022 |language=en |date=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="ndr 2020-07-30">{{cite web |title=Radtour: Auf Lyonel Feiningers Spuren über Usedom |trans-title=Bike tour: In the tracks of Lyonel Feininger via Usedom |url=https://www.ndr.de/ratgeber/reise/radtouren/Radtour-Auf-Lyonel-Feiningers-Spuren-ueber-Usedom,feiningerradweg100.html |website=[[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] |access-date=8 June 2022 |language=de |date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

He designed the cover for the Bauhaus 1919 manifesto: an expressionist [[woodcut]] 'cathedral'. He taught at the Bauhaus for several years. Among the students who attended his workshops were [[Ludwig Hirschfeld Mack]] (German/Australian (1893–1965), [[Hans Friedrich Grohs]] (German 1892 – 1981), and [[Margarete Koehler-Bittkow]] (German/American, 1898–1964).

When the [[Nazi Party]] came to power in 1933, the situation became unbearable for Feininger and his wife. The Nazi Party declared his work to be "degenerate".<ref name=aaabio/> They moved to America after his work was exhibited in the '[[degenerate art]]' (''Entartete Kunst'') in 1936, but before the 1937 exhibition in [[Munich]]. He taught at [[Mills College]] before returning to New York.<ref name=aaabio /> He was elected to the [[American Academy of Arts and Letters]] in 1955.<ref name=AAAL>{{cite web|title=Deceased Members |url=http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php |work=American Academy of Arts and Letters |access-date=July 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726004624/http://www.artsandletters.org/academicians2_deceased.php |archive-date=July 26, 2011 }}</ref>

In addition to drawing, painting, woodcutting, and printmaking, Feininger created art with painted toy figures being photographed in front of drawn backgrounds.<ref>{{cite book|pages=36–76|title=Lyonel Feininger: City at the Edge of the World|first=T. Lux|last=Feininger|publisher=Frederick A. Praeger|year=1965|lccn=65-25280}}</ref>

Feininger produced a large body of photographic works between 1928 – he was then already 58 years old – and the mid-1950s. He then lived and taught in Dessau, where his neighbor was the famous experimental photographer [[László Moholy-Nagy]], who encouraged him. He kept his photographic work within his circle of friends, and it was not shared with the public in his lifetime. He gave some prints away to his colleagues [[Walter Gropius]] and [[Alfred H. Barr Jr.]]<ref name="test" />

Feininger also had intermittent activity as a pianist and composer, with several piano compositions and fugues for organ extant. In tandem with the Whitney retrospective, the American Symphony Orchestra under Leon Botstein, at Carnegie Hall on 21 October 2011, performed three orchestral fugues written by Feininger. Barbara Haskell, curator of the Whitney exhibit, wrote that for his entire life, Feininger credited Bach with having been his "master in painting."<ref>{{cite web|date=October 21, 2011|title=Lyonel Feininger|url=http://americansymphony.org/lyonel-feininger/|access-date=2018-02-05|publisher=American Symphony Orchestra}}</ref>

His sons, [[Andreas Feininger]] and [[T. Lux Feininger]], both became noted artists, the former as a photographer and the latter as a photographer and painter. T. Lux Feininger died July 7, 2011, at the age of 101.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/arts/t-lux-feininger-photographer-and-painter-dies-at-101.html|title=T. Lux Feininger, Photographer and Painter, Dies at 101|first=William|last=Grimes|newspaper=The New York Times|date=July 13, 2011}}</ref>