Editing Málaga (section)

== History ==
{{Main|History of Málaga}}
{{For timeline}}

[[File:Ánfora 131949.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Clay amphora from the [[Cerro del Villar]] site, near the mouth of the [[Guadalhorce]] (6th century BC).]]
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[[Phoenicians]] from [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] founded a [[Phoenician colony|colony]] named ''Malake''<ref name="Huss1985" /> about 770{{nbsp}}BC ({{langx|xpu|𐤌𐤋𐤊𐤀}}, {{sc|mlkʾ}}).<ref name="Huss1985">{{harvp|Huss|1985|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=NvEK7kc3qnQC&pg=PA25 25]}}</ref> The town controlled access to the [[Guadalmedina]] and served as a waypoint on trade routes between [[Phoenicia]] and the [[Strait of Gibraltar]]. Like other Phoenician colonies, it fell under [[Ancient Carthage|Carthaginian]] rule during the 6th or 5th century{{nbsp}}BC. The Phoenician and Later Roman urban core developed around an area running from the [[Gibralfaro|Gibralfaro Hill]] to the mouth of the ''Malaca flumen'' ([[Guadalmedina]]).{{Sfn|Corrales Aguilar|2003|p=377}}

After the [[Punic Wars]], the [[Roman Republic]] took control of the town known to them as ''Malaca''. By the 1st century BC, [[Strabo]] alluded to its Phoenician profile, in contrast to the hellenized characteristics of the neighbouring settlement of [[Mainake (Greek settlement)|''Mainake'']].{{Sfn|Corrales Aguilar|2003|p=381}}

Transformed into a confederated city, it was under a special law, the ''[[Lex Flavia Malacitana]]''. A [[Roman theatre (structure)|Roman theatre]] was built at this time.<ref>Leucona, Emilio. «Jornadas de estudio por el 150 aniversario del hallazgo de la Lex Flavia Malacitana». Consulted on 7 April 2008.</ref> After the fall of the [[Western Roman Empire]], it was ruled first by the [[Visigoths]]. The city was taken {{Circa|552}} by the [[Byzantine Empire]];{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=2}} either Malaca or [[Carthago Nova]] possibly then becoming the capital of the province of [[Spania]].{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=3}} The Byzantines restored and expanded the docks, thus consolidating the fishing and trading tradition the city already enjoyed.{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=3}} The city was retaken by the Visigoth King [[Sisebut]] in 615.{{Sfn|Collado Campaña|2012|p=5}} The Islamic conquest of Málaga (rendered as {{lang|ar|مالقة}}—''Mālaqah''—in Arab sources) by Arab and Berber forces took place in 711 or perhaps 713.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://editorial.ugr.es/media/ugr/files/sample-137246.pdf|first=José María|last=Ruiz Povedano|chapter=Aproximaxión a la historia de Málaga musulmana|title=Málaga, de musulmana a cristiana : la transformación de la ciudad a finales de la Edad Media|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Granada|location=Granada|year=2017|isbn=9788433861481|page=42}}</ref> Following a period of diminished importance during the early stages of the [[Emirate of Córdoba|emiral period]] already in force since before the conquest, Málaga was fully [[Islamized]] by the end of the aforementioned period in the wake of [[Muhammad I of Córdoba|Muhammad I]]'s attributed intervention in the urban configuration as a ''[[Medina quarter|medina]]''.{{Sfn|Ruiz Povedano|2017|pp=43–44}}

[[File:Planta de Málaga árabe.jpeg|thumb|right|A 19th-century reconstruction of Islamic Malaqah]]
The consolidation of the city's importance after 930 (under the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]]) ran parallel to the diminishing fortune of [[Archidona]], the latter of which Málaga replaced as the capital of the corresponding ''kura'' of Rayya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La Málaga de los siglos X-XI origen y consolidación del urbanismo islámico|first1=María del Carmen|last1=Íñiguez Sánchez|first2=Alberto|last2=Cumpián Rodríguez|first3=Pedro Jesús|last3=Sánchez Bandera|journal=Mainake|issn=0212-078X|issue=25|year=2003|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/870905.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pages=32–34|url=https://revistaseug.ugr.es/index.php/meaharabe/article/view/14568/12561|title=Dos ciudades ḥammūdíes: Málaga y Ceuta|first=María Isabel|last=Calero Secall|volume=42–43|year=1993–1994|journal=Miscelánea de Estudios Árabes y Hebraicos. Sección Árabe-Islam|publisher=Editorial Universidad de Granada|location=Granada|issn=1696-5868}}</ref> The early 10th-century chronicle of [[Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Mūsa al-Rāzī|Aḥmad al-Rāzī]] mentions the vineyards of Málaga, extolling the unparalleled quality of its [[raisin]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://oa.upm.es/34324/1/1974_malaga_torresb_opt.pdf|first=Leopoldo|last=Torres Balbás|page=324|year=1974|title=Málaga como escenario histórico|journal=Arquitectura|issue=187<!--|315-334-->|issn=0004-2706}}</ref> In the 11th century, following the unravelling of Umayyad authority across the caliphate, Málaga became a centre of power of the [[Hammudid dynasty|Hammudid]]s, who established a petty kingdom (nominally also a caliphate) in the city, the [[taifa of Málaga]], complemented by the also Hammudid [[Taifa of Ceuta|sister dominion in Ceuta]] across the Strait of Gibraltar.{{Sfn|Calero Secall|1993–1994|p=48}} The city was seized away from the Hammudids by the [[Zirid dynasty|Granadan Zirids]] in 1056 or 1057, and also underwent an ephemeral spell under the [[Abbadid dynasty|Sevillian Abbadids]] by 1066 before returning to the former.{{Sfn|Ruiz Povedano|2017|pp=46–47}} By the late 11th century, the Zirids lost the city to the North African [[Almoravids]].{{Sfn|Ruiz Povedano|2017|pp=46–47}}

{{See also|Taifa of Málaga}}

The traveller [[Ibn Battuta]], who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of the largest and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of both sea and land, and... abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured Murcian [[pomegranate]]s have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its "excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large, with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html |title=Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa |publisher=Fordham.edu |date=21 February 2001 |access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>
[[File:Berlín Málaga XIV.JPG|thumb|right|Ceramic plate from Málaga (14th century)]]
After the formation of the [[Nasrid Kingdom of Granada]] in the 13th century, Málaga became a part of it.{{Sfn|Torres Balbás|1974|p=329}} The export-oriented harbour traded silk fabrics, [[Nut (fruit)|dry nuts]] (raisins, almonds and the famous Rayya figs, reportedly exported to as far as China), vine, cutlery, leather and the famous regional [[lustreware]].{{Sfn|Torres Balbás|1974|p=329}}

In the 15th century, Málaga was the main Nasrid port (followed by Almería),{{Sfn|Fábregas García|2003–2004|pp=79; 89}} featuring a notable presence of [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants.{{Sfn|Fábregas García|2003–2004|p=79}} It played a role both as stopover of the Atlantic international trade (as part of the routes connecting the Central Mediterranean to the North Atlantic) and as regional trading cog of the Kingdom of Granada.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/24001/CN-030-Art%C3%ADculo-002.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y|page=85|last=Fábregas García|journal=Chronica Nova|volume=30|year=2003–2004<!--|pages=69–102-->|first=Adela|title=Redes de comercio y articulación portuaria del Reino de Granada: puertos y escalas en el tráfico marítimo bajomedieval}}</ref> By the last rales of Nasrid rule, the city had a population of about 15,000.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2018|p=83}}

Málaga was seized by Christian forces on 18 August 1487,<ref>{{Cite journal|page=77|title=Málaga en el tránsito de medina nazarí a urbe cristiana|first=María Victoria|last=García Ruiz|journal=Péndulo: Revista de Ingeniería y Humanidades|issn=1132-1245|issue=29|year=2018<!--|pages=76–89-->|url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6930595.pdf}}</ref> after a 3-month 11 days siege,<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.diariosur.es/feria/201608/19/como-hace-anos-20160819002402-v.html|journal=[[Diario Sur]]|date=19 August 2016|title=Tal día como hoy hace 529 años|first=Pedro Luis|last=Góméz}}</ref> in what was the most violent episode of the [[Granada War]]. The Muslim inhabitants resisted assaults and artillery bombardments before hunger forced them to surrender; practically the entire remaining population (around 11,000 people) became war captives and were sold into slavery in other Andalusian cities as well as Valencia and Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.e-revistes.uji.es/index.php/millars/article/view/4038/3435|pages=18–19|title=La esclavitud en la España Medieval. (siglos XIV-XV). Generalidades y rasgos diferenciales|first=Raúl|last=González Arévalo|journal=Millars: Espai i historia|issn=1132-9823|volume=47|issue=2|year=2019<!--|pages=11–37-->}}</ref><ref>Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain, Matthew Carr, page 7, 2009</ref> Only a minority of around 50 people led by merchant Alí Dordux were allowed to remain in the city.{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2018|p=77}}
{{See also|Siege of Málaga (1487)}}

The city's Muslim population was converted to [[Catholic Christianity]] and the city was swiftly repopulated by Christian settlers coming from different locations of the [[Iberian Peninsula]].{{Sfn|García Ruiz|2018|p=77}} Málaga became an exporting centre for Andalusia via the link of the city with Antequera and Córdoba, maintaining its trading character despite the nearly complete replacement of the population.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ladero Quesada|first=Miguel Ángel|title=Mudéjares y repobladores en el Reino de Granada (1485-1501)|page=62|volume=13|year=1992|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/CHMO/article/view/CHMO9292110047A|journal=Cuadernos de Historia Moderna}}</ref> The city did not escape a series of [[typhus fever]] outbreaks following its annexation to the [[Crown of Castile]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=López Beltrán|chapter-url=https://medievalistas.es/wp-content/uploads/attachments/01307.pdf|chapter=Los portugueses en el poblamiento inicial de Málaga (1487–1497)|first=María Teresa|page=1148|title=Os reinos ibéricos na Idade Média: livro de homenagem ao professor doutor Humberto Carlos Baquero Moreno|volume=1|year=2003|isbn=972-26-2134-3<!--pages=1147-1151-->}}</ref>

Following the death of regent [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]] the city rose in revolt in 1516 on the occasion of the installment of a new court controlled by the Admiral of Castile.{{Sfn|Reder Gadow|2017|pp=323–334}} It was only on 2 December 1530 when Málaga was freed from the influence of the Admiralty for good, confirming the privileges granted in the past by the Catholic Monarchs.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Málaga en tiempos del Emperador Carlos V|first=Marion|last=Reder Gadow|title=Carolus|editor-first=Francisco|editor-last=Toro Ceballos|year=2017|isbn=978-84-89014-76-3|pages=323–334|chapter-url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/literatura/carolvs/32_reder.htm}}</ref>
[[File:Braun Malaga UBHD.jpg|thumb|center|upright=2.8|Málaga in 1572: Castle of [[Gibralfaro]] (center)]]
As of 1625, Málaga may have had a population of around 36,000.<ref>{{Cite journal|page=213|url=https://riuma.uma.es/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10630/8973/13%20PEREZ%20DE%20COLOSIA%20Y%20%20GIL%20SANJUAN.pdf?sequence=1|title=Málaga en tiempos de Felipe IV|first1=Mª Isabel|last1=Pérez de Colosía Rodríguez|first2=Joaquín|last2=Gil Sanjuán|issue=4|year=1981|journal=Baetica, Histórico|doi=10.24310/BAETICA.1981.v0i4.962|publisher=[[University of Málaga|UMA Editorial]]|location=Málaga|hdl=10630/8973 | s2cid=258077549 }}</ref>

On 24 August 1704 the indecisive [[Battle of Málaga (1704)|Battle of Málaga]], the largest naval battle in the [[War of the Spanish Succession]], took place in the sea south of Málaga.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-02-23|title=La batalla naval de Málaga, en 1704: 20.000 hombres y 3.000 piezas de artillería|language=Spanish|work=La Opinión de Málaga|url=https://www.laopiniondemalaga.es/malaga/2014/02/23/batalla-naval-malaga-1704/655876.html|access-date=2021-01-13}}</ref>

The city's economy profited from an early industrialisation in the first third of the 19th century and the population steadily increased until the last years of the century,{{Sfn|Ibáñez Linares|2018|p=232}} when the population decreased between 1887 and 1897 due to {{ill|Phylloxera plague in Málaga|es|Plaga de la filoxera en Málaga|lt=the economic crisis}} induced by the [[Phylloxera]] grapevine pest.{{Sfn|Ibáñez Linares|2018|p=233}} The century saw the [[Capital accumulation|accumulation of capital]] in an enriched bourgeoisie class, that invested in the incipient industrial development.{{Sfn|Ordóñez Vergara|1993|p=163}}

The municipality of Málaga annexed the coastal town of [[Torremolinos]] in 1924.

[[File:Carretera Málaga 1937.jpg|thumb|right|Republican refugees fleeing Málaga during the ''Desbandá'' (8 February 1937).]]
After the [[Spanish coup of July 1936|coup of July 1936]] the government of the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]] retained control of Málaga. Its harbour was a base of the [[Spanish Republican Navy|Republican navy]] at the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]]. It suffered heavy bombing by [[Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)|Italian]] [[Italian navy|warships]] which took part in breaking the Republican navy's [[blockade]] of Nationalist-held [[Spanish Morocco]] and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga.<ref>Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (2009). ''Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century.'' London, UK; New York, US: Routledge. p. 172. {{ISBN|978-0-415-18078-8}}.</ref> After the Battle of Málaga and the [[Francoist]] takeover in February 1937, over seven thousand people were killed,<ref>[[Antony Beevor]], ''The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939.'' London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 2006, {{ISBN|0-297-84832-1}}</ref> as they were trying to flee the city through the road to [[Almería]].{{efn|The well-known British journalist and writer [[Arthur Koestler]] was captured by the Nationalist forces on their entry into Málaga, which formed the material for his book ''[[Spanish Testament]]''. The first chapters of the book include an eye-witness account of the 1937 fall of Málaga to [[Francisco Franco]]'s armies during the [[Spanish Civil War]].}}
{{see also|Málaga–Almería road massacre}}
Torremolinos—originally a small coastal town—greatly developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming an international tourist centre.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Javier|last=Fernández Galeano|page=8|title=Is He a "Social Danger"?: The Franco Regime's Judicial Prosecution of Homosexuality in Málaga under the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes|journal=Journal of the History of Sexuality|volume=25|issue=1|year=2016<!--pages=1–31-->}}</ref> The first gay bar in Spain was opened in Torremolinos in 1962 (and the first lesbian club in 1968),<ref name=gomez>{{cite web|website=[[Diario Sur|Sur]]|url=https://www.diariosur.es/costadelsol/noche-dictadura-acabo-20180427153250-nt.html|title=La noche en que la dictadura acabó con el ambiente gay de Torremolinos|first=Alberto|last=Gómez|date=29 April 2019}}</ref> and the place acquired a lively LGBT life, to the point of being described as "the most 'cosmopolitan' and gay-friendly place in all of Spain".{{Sfn|Fernández Galeano|2016|p=10}} Nearly a decade after, in 1971, a policial crackdown seeking to curb "offences against public morality and decency" largely put an end to the appeal of the place, only regaining its status as hub of LGBT leisure and tourism after the death of the dictator.<ref name=gomez />

Torremolinos became independent from the municipality of Málaga in September 1988.<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Diario Sur|Sur]]|url=https://www.diariosur.es/costadelsol/201509/26/torremolinos-celebra-anos-somos-20150926213555.html|date=27 September 2015|first=Alberto|last=Gómez|title=Torremolinos celebra 27 años del "¡Ya somos catetos!"}}</ref>