Editing MIT Technology Review (section)

==History==

===Original magazine: 1899–1998===
''Technology Review'' was founded in 1899 under the name ''The Technology Review'' and relaunched in 1998 without "The" in its original name. It currently claims to be "the oldest technology magazine in the world."<ref name="oldest">However, ''[[Scientific American]]'' has been published continuously since 1845, and ''[[Popular Science]]'' since 1872. In the personal communication cited above, Pontin says that the claim rests on the definition of a magazine as being [[perfect bound]], ''Scientific American'' being in newspaper tabloid format in 1899.</ref>

In 1899, ''[[The New York Times]]'' commented:<ref name="nyt1899">''The New York Times'', January 21, 1899, page BR33.</ref>

<blockquote>We give a cordial welcome to No. 1 of Vol. I of The Technology Review, a Quarterly Magazine Relating to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, published in Boston, and under charge of the Association of Class Secretaries. As far as make-up goes, cover, paper, typography and illustrations are in keeping with the strong characteristics of the Institution it represents. This magazine, as its editors announce, is intended to be "a clearing house of information and thought," and, as far as the Institute of Technology is concerned, "to increase its power, to minimize its waste, to insure [sic] among its countless friends the most perfect co-operation."</blockquote>

The career path of [[James Rhyne Killian]] illustrates the close ties between ''Technology Review'' and the Institute. In 1926, Killian graduated from college and got his first job as assistant managing editor of ''Technology Review;'' he rose to editor-in-chief; became executive assistant to then-president [[Karl Taylor Compton]] in 1939; vice-president of MIT in 1945; and succeeded Compton as president in 1949.

The May 4, 1929, issue contained an article by Dr. [[Norbert Wiener]], then Assistant Professor of Mathematics, describing some deficiencies in a paper [[Albert Einstein]] had published earlier that year. Wiener also commented on a cardinal's critique of the Einstein theory saying:

<blockquote>The pretended incomprehensibility of the Einstein theory has been used as capital by professional anti-Einsteinians. Without prejudice to the cause of religion, I may remark that theological discussions have not at all times been distinguished by their character of lucidity.</blockquote>

The historical ''Technology Review'' often published articles that were controversial, or critical of certain technologies. A 1980 issue contained an article by [[Jerome Wiesner]] attacking the Reagan administration's [[Strategic Defense Initiative|nuclear defense strategy]]. The cover of a 1983 issue stated, "Even if the fusion program produces a reactor, no one will want it," and contained an article by [[Lawrence M. Lidsky]],<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.askmar.com/Robert%20Bussard/The%20Trouble%20With%20Fusion.pdf|title=The Trouble with Fusion|first=Lawrence M.|last=Lidsky|magazine=MIT Technology Review|date=October 1983|pages=32–44|access-date=2015-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923175417/http://www.askmar.com/Robert%20Bussard/The%20Trouble%20With%20Fusion.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> associate director of MIT's [[MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center|Plasma Fusion Center]], challenging the feasibility of fusion power (which at the time was often fancied to be just around the corner). The May 1984 issue contained an exposé about microchip manufacturing hazards.

In 1966, the magazine started using a puzzle column started in ''[[Tech Engineering News]]'' a few months earlier. Its author is [[Allan Gottlieb]], who has now written the column for more than fifty years.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Amanda Schaffer |title=Puzzle Corner's Keeper |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/543891/puzzle-corners-keeper/ |website=MIT Technology Review |access-date=February 7, 2022 |language=en |date=December 22, 2015 |quote=Allan Gottlieb ’67 has been serving up math challenges to alumni and friends for half a century.}}</ref>

As late as 1967, the ''New York Times'' described ''Technology Review'' as a "scientific journal." Of its writing style, writer [[George V. Higgins]] complained:

<blockquote>''Technology Review'', according to [then-editor] Stephen{{sic}} Marcus... [subjects] its scientific contributors to rewrite rigors that would give fainting spells to the most obstreperous cub reporter. Marcus believes this produces readable prose on arcane subjects. I don't agree.<ref name="higginsglobe1982">''The Boston Globe'', July 17, 1982. <!--Library database shows page # as "????"--></ref></blockquote>

In 1984, ''Technology Review'' printed an article about a Russian scientist using ova from frozen mammoths to create a mammoth-elephant hybrid called a "mammontelephas".<ref name="mammontelephas">{{cite web |title=Retrobreeding the Woolly Mammoth |url=http://www.textfiles.com/humor/woolly_m.amm |website=textfiles.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041210220920/http://www.textfiles.com/humor/woolly_m.amm |archive-date=December 10, 2004}}</ref> Apart from being dated "April 1, 1984", there were no obvious giveaways in the story. The ''Chicago Tribune'' News Service picked it up as a real news item, and it was printed as fact in hundreds of newspapers.

In 1994, a survey of "opinion leaders" ranked ''Technology Review''<ref name="targettedat"/> No. 1 in the nation in the "most credible" category.<ref name="credible">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1995/tech-review-0201.html|title=Technology Review rated 'most credible'|author=Charles H. Ball, News Office|date=1 February 1995|work=MIT News|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref>

Contributors to the magazine also included [[Thomas A. Edison]], [[Winston Churchill]], and [[Tim Berners-Lee]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/1998/04/13/story4.html?t=printable | first=Rex | last=Crum | date=April 13, 1998 | title=MIT's 'TR' undergoes revamping|publisher=Bizjournals.com|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref>

===Relaunch: 1998–2005===
A radical transition of the magazine occurred in 1996. At that time, according to the ''Boston Business Journal'',<ref name="bbj1998">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/1998/04/13/story4.html|title=MIT's 'TR' undergoes revamping|work=Boston Business Journal|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> in 1996 ''Technology Review'' had lost $1.6 million over the previous seven years and was "facing the possibility of folding" due to "years of declining advertising revenue."

R. Bruce Journey was named publisher, the first full-time publisher in the magazine's history. According to previous publisher William J. Hecht, although ''Technology Review'' had "long been highly regarded for its editorial excellence," the purpose of appointing Journey was to enhance its "commercial potential" and "secure a prominent place for ''Technology Review'' in the competitive world of commercial publishing."<ref name="globe1999">''The Boston Globe'', April 25, 1999, p. G1</ref> John Benditt replaced Steven J. Marcus as editor-in-chief, the entire editorial staff was fired, and the modern ''Technology Review'' was born.

''Boston Globe'' columnist David Warsh<ref name="globewarsh1998">''The Boston Globe'', April 21, 1998, p. C1 "Gloom, Doom and Boom at MIT." Warsh analogized the old TR with beloved departed Cambridge eateries like the F&T Deli.</ref> described the transition by saying that the magazine had been serving up "old 1960s views of things: [[Humanism|humanist]], [[Populism|populist]], ruminative, suspicious of the unseen dimensions of new technologies" and had now been replaced with one that "takes innovation seriously and enthusiastically." Former editor Marcus characterized the magazine's new stance as "cheerleading for innovation."

Under Bruce Journey, ''Technology Review'' billed itself as "MIT's Magazine of Innovation". Since 2001, it has been published by Technology Review Inc., a nonprofit independent media company owned by MIT.<ref name="corporation">[http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/corpsearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000803209] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430204955/http://corp.sec.state.ma.us/corp/corpsearch/CorpSearchSummary.asp?ReadFromDB=True&UpdateAllowed=&FEIN=000803209|date=April 30, 2013}}</ref>

Intending to appeal to business leaders, editor John Benditt said in 1999, "We're really about new technologies and how they get commercialized." ''Technology Review'' covers breakthroughs and current issues on fields such as [[biotechnology]], [[nanotechnology]], and [[computing]]. Articles are also devoted to more mature disciplines such as [[energy]], [[telecommunications]], [[transport]]ation, and the [[military]].

Since Journey, ''Technology Review'' has been distributed as a regular mass-market magazine and appears on newsstands. By 2003, circulation had more than tripled from 92,000 to 315,000, about half that of ''[[Scientific American]],'' and included 220,000 paid subscribers and 95,000 sent free to MIT alumni. Additionally, in August 2003, a German edition of ''Technology Review'' was started in cooperation with the publishing house [[Heinz Heise]] (circulation of about 50,000 as of 2005). According to The ''New York Times'',<ref name="nyt2004">{{cite news |last1=Daly |first1=Emma |title=Glossy Alumni Magazines Seek More Than Graduates |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/11/10/education/glossy-alumni-magazines-seek-more-than-graduates.html |access-date=4 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 November 2004}}</ref> as of 2004 the magazine was still "partly financed by M.I.T. (though it is expected to turn a profit eventually)."

''Technology Review'' also functions as the MIT alumni magazine; the edition sent to alumni contains a separate section, "MIT News," containing items such as alumni class notes. This section is not included in the edition distributed to the general public.

The magazine is published by Technology Review, Inc, an independent media company owned by MIT. MIT's website lists it as an MIT publication,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/offices/category/publications.html|title=MIT – offices+services|work=Mit.edu|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> and the MIT News Office states that "the magazine often uses MIT expertise for some of its content." In 1999 ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' noted that (apart from the alumni section) "few ''Technology Review'' articles actually concern events or research at MIT."<ref name="globe1999a">''The Boston Globe'', April 25, 1999, p. G1 "MIT Tech Magazine, On Plateau, Finds Killer App: Commercialism"</ref> However, in the words of editor Jason Pontin:

<blockquote>Our job is not to promote MIT; but we analyse and explain emerging technologies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitaltechnologyreview.com/|title=Emerging Technologies Reviews}}</ref> and because we believe that new technologies are, generally speaking, a good thing, we do indirectly promote MIT's core activity: that is, the development of innovative technology.<ref name="pontin2005">Jason Pontin, personal email to Dpbsmith, August 27, 2005</ref></blockquote>

From 1997 to 2005, R. Bruce Journey held the title of "publisher"; Journey was also the president and CEO of Technology Review, Inc. Editors-in-chief have included John Benditt (1997), [[Robert Buderi]] (2002), and Jason Pontin (2004).

The magazine has won numerous Folio! awards, presented at the annual magazine publishing trade show conducted by ''Folio!'' magazine. In 2001, these included a "Silver Folio: Editorial Excellence Award" in the consumer science and technology magazine category and many awards for [[typography]] and [[graphic design|design]].<ref name="folioawards">{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/techreview-1128.html|title=Technology Review wins six awards|author=David Rapp, Technology Review|date=28 November 2001|work=MIT News|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> In 2006, ''Technology Review'' was named a finalist in the "general excellence" category of the annual National Magazine Awards, sponsored by the American Society of Magazine Editors.<ref name="nationalmagawards">{{cite web |url=http://searchpdffiles.com/asme-announces-national-magazine-award-finalists |title=Archived copy |website=searchpdffiles.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211231509/http://searchpdffiles.com/asme-announces-national-magazine-award-finalists |archive-date=11 February 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

On June 6, 2001, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' and [[CNET]] Networks launched a publication entitled ''Fortune/CNET Technology Review''.<ref name="cnet">{{Cite news|last=Wall Street Journal Staff|date=2001-01-22|title=Fortune, Cnet Enter Pact For Issues of Tech Reviews|language=en-US|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB980129643559129850|access-date=2021-03-11|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> MIT sued<ref name="bbj2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2001/06/18/daily9.html|title=MIT sues Time Inc. over magazine name|work=Boston Business Journal|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> ''Fortune''{{'}}s parent corporation, [[Time, Inc.]] for infringement of the ''Technology Review'' trademark.<ref name="trademark">Trademark registration 0668713, registered October 21, 1958, to "Alumni Association of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology" and renewed in 1999.</ref> The case was quickly settled. In August the MIT student newspaper reported that lawyers for MIT and Time were reluctant to discuss the case, citing a confidentiality agreement that both sides described as very restrictive. Jason Kravitz, a Boston attorney who represented MIT in the case, suggested that the magazine's change of name to ''Fortune/CNET Tech Review'', a change that occurred in the middle of the case, may have been part of the settlement.<ref name="thetech2001">{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V122/N36/36lawsuit.36n.html|title=MIT Finishes Three Lawsuits, Initiates One During Summer|publisher=Mit.edu|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref>

Many publications covering specific technologies have used "technology review" as part of their names, such as [[Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory|Lawrence Livermore Labs]]'s ''Energy & Technology Review'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.llnl.gov/etr/etr.html|title=Energy and Technology Review|work=Llnl.gov|access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref> [[Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education|AACE]]'s ''Educational Technology Review'',<ref>[http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/issue4/index.cfm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051017042334/http://www.aace.org/pubs/etr/issue4/index.cfm|date=October 17, 2005}}</ref> and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]'s ''Nuclear Technology Review.''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC48/Documents/gc48inf-4_new.pdf |title=Nuclear Technology Review 2004 |publisher=Iaea.org |access-date=2015-03-30}}</ref>

The magazine adopted a more serious tone in a 2004 redesign.<ref name="2004 redesign">{{cite news |last1=Shannon |first1=Victoria |title=M.I.T. Technology Review Adopts More Serious Tone |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/13/business/media/mit-technology-review-adopts-more-serious-tone.html |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=13 December 2004}}</ref>

In 2005, ''Technology Review'', along with ''[[Wired News]]'' and other technology publications, was embarrassed by the publication of a number of stories by freelancer [[Michelle Delio]] containing information which could not be corroborated. Editor-in-chief Pontin said, "Of the ten stories which were published, only three were entirely accurate. In two of the stories, I'm fairly confident that Michelle Delio either did not speak to the person she said she spoke to, or misrepresented her interview with him."<ref name="globe2005" /> The stories were retracted.


===Modern magazine: 2005–present===
On August 30, 2005, ''Technology Review'' announced that R. Bruce Journey, publisher from 1996 to 2005, would be replaced by the then current Editor in Chief, Jason Pontin, and would reduce the print publication frequency from eleven to six issues per year while enhancing the publication's website.<ref name="globe2005">''The Boston Globe'', April 22, 2005, p. C3 "More of Writer's Stories Faulted—MIT Says Just 3 of 10 were Accurate"</ref> The [[Boston Globe]] characterized the change as a "strategic overhaul." Editor and publisher Jason Pontin stated that he would "focus the print magazine on what print does best: present[ing] longer-format, investigative stories and colorful imagery." [https://www.cridos.tech/ Technology Review's Web site], Pontin said, would henceforth publish original, daily news and analysis (whereas before it had merely republished the print magazine's stories). Finally, Pontin said that Technology Review's stories in print and online would identify and analyze emerging technologies.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://technologyreview.com/read_article.aspx?id=16053|title=A Letter to MIT Alumni|author=Jason Pontin|magazine=Technology Review|year=2005|access-date=2006-06-26}}</ref> This focus resembles that of the historical ''Technology Review.'' Pontin convinced copy editors to adopt the [[diaeresis mark]] for words like "coördinate", a [[English terms with diacritical marks|rarity in native English usage]], though failed to convince them to use [[logical punctuation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=You Get No ''Gotten'' in the New Yorker. |url=http://languagehat.com/you-get-no-gotten-in-the-new-yorker/ |quote=As for the diareses, it's just something we do: it shows you that the second vowel is pronounced as a second syllable. The New Yorker does it in this country, and it's not uncommon in the United Kingdom. There are a couple of other idiosyncratic style uses that I've been less successful in imposing on our copy desk. I'd love to insist on what's called "logical punctuation" in the English style, but the moral weight of the company insists that 'MIT Technology Review is an American publication.'}} (original comment on [https://www.technologyreview.com/s/514406/data-won-the-us-election-now-can-it-save-the-world/] before comments were disabled)</ref>

Without evident comment, the July/August, 2017, issue revealed a shift in top personnel, with Elizabeth Bramson-Boudreau listed as Chief Executive Officer and Publisher, and [[David Rotman]] as Editor.<ref name="auto"/> [[Gideon Lichfield]] was named editor-in-chief in November 2017.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/press-room/press-release/20171109-mit-technology-review-names-gideon-lichfield-editor-in-chief/|title=MIT Technology Review Names Gideon Lichfield Editor in Chief|magazine=Technology Review|year=2017|access-date=2019-03-13|archive-date=2018-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110225917/https://www.technologyreview.com/press-room/press-release/20171109-mit-technology-review-names-gideon-lichfield-editor-in-chief/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2020, the Brazilian version of MIT Technology Review, known as MIT Technology Review Brasil, was launched.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mittechreview.com.br/}}</ref>

The magazine, like many others has transitioned its focus from print to digital.<ref name="TheIssue">{{cite news |last1=McMurray |first1=Kelly |title=Amplifying the Institution's Mission |url=https://www.theissue.2communique.com/amplifying-the-institutions-mission/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=The Issue |publisher=2communiqué |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

Every year, the magazine publishes a list of the 10 technologies it considers the most influential.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.technologyreview.com/tr10/|title=10 Breakthrough Technologies 2006 - MIT Technology Review|last=Review|first=MIT Technology|work=MIT Technology Review |access-date=20 September 2017}}</ref>