Editing Madurese language (section)

==Phonology==
Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography.<ref>see {{harvp|Davies|2010|page=59}}</ref>

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Madurese vowels
! rowspan=2| 
! rowspan=2| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan=2| [[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan=2| [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- 
! {{small|[[unrounded vowel|unrounded]]}}
! {{small|[[rounded vowel|rounded]]}}
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPAslink|i}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦆ}} {{Grapheme|i}}
| {{IPAslink|ɨ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦆ}} {{Grapheme|e}}
|
| {{IPAslink|u}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦈ}} {{Grapheme|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPAslink|ɛ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦌ}} {{Grapheme|è}}
| {{IPAslink|ə}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦄꦼ}} {{Grapheme|e}}
| {{IPAslink|ɤ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦄꦼꦴ}} {{Grapheme|â}}
| {{IPAslink|ɔ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦎ}} {{Grapheme|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| {{IPAslink|a}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦄ}} {{Grapheme|a}}
|
|
|}

Vowels {{IPAslink|a}}, {{IPAslink|ɛ}}, {{IPAslink|ə}}, {{IPAslink|ɔ}} and its higher counterparts {{IPAslink|ɤ}}, {{IPAslink|i}}, {{IPAslink|ɨ}}, {{IPAslink|u}} are usually in complementary distribution. The last 4 vowels occur after voiced and aspirated consonants, while the first 4 vowels occur elsewhere. Consonants {{IPAslink|l}}, {{IPAslink|r}}, and {{IPAslink|s}}, although by default lower the vowels, are transparent after higher vowels, for example ''belli'' {{IPA|/bɨlli/}} "to buy" instead of ''*bellè'' {{IPA|/bɨllɛ/}}.<ref>{{harvnb|Davies|2010|p=29}}</ref>

=== Consonants ===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Madurese consonants
|-
!colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPAslink|m}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦩ}} {{Grapheme|m}} {{Grapheme|م}}
| {{IPAslink|n̪}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦤ}} {{Grapheme|n}} {{Grapheme|ن}}
| {{IPAslink|ɳ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦟ}} {{Grapheme|ṇ}} {{Grapheme|ن}}
| {{IPAslink|ɲ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦚ}} {{Grapheme|ny}} {{Grapheme|ۑ}}
| {{IPAslink|ŋ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦔ}} {{Grapheme|ng}} {{Grapheme|ڠ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPAslink|p}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦥ}} {{Grapheme|p}} {{Grapheme|ڤ}}
| {{IPAslink|t̪}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦠ}} {{Grapheme|t}} {{Grapheme|ت}}
| {{IPAslink|ʈ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦛ}} {{Grapheme|ṭ}} {{Grapheme|ڟ}}
| {{IPAslink|c}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦕ}} {{Grapheme|c}} {{Grapheme|چ}}
| {{IPAslink|k}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦏ}} {{Grapheme|k}} {{Grapheme|ك}}
| {{IPAslink|ʔ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦃ}} {{Grapheme|'}} {{Grapheme|ء}}
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPAslink|b}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦧ}} {{Grapheme|b}} {{Grapheme|ب}}
| {{IPAslink|d̪}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦢ}} {{Grapheme|d}} {{Grapheme|د}}
| {{IPAslink|ɖ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦣ}} {{Grapheme|ḍ}} {{Grapheme|ڊ}}
| {{IPAslink|ɟ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦗ}} {{Grapheme|j}} {{Grapheme|ج}}
| {{IPAslink|ɡ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦒ}} {{Grapheme|g}} {{Grapheme|ࢴ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[[aspirated consonant|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPAslink|pʰ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦧ}} {{Grapheme|bh}} {{Grapheme|ب}} 
| {{IPAslink|t̪ʰ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦢ}} {{Grapheme|dh}} {{Grapheme|د}} 
| {{IPAslink|ʈʰ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦣ}} {{Grapheme|ḍh}} {{Grapheme|ڊ}} 
| {{IPAslink|cʰ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦗ}} {{Grapheme|jh}} {{Grapheme|ج}} 
| {{IPAslink|kʰ}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦒ}} {{Grapheme|gh}} {{Grapheme|ࢴ}} 
|
|-
! colspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|
| {{IPAslink|s}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦱ}} {{Grapheme|s}} {{Grapheme|س}} 
|
|
|
| {{IPAslink|h}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦲ}} {{Grapheme|h}} {{Grapheme|ه}} 
|-
!colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPAslink|r}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦫ}} {{Grapheme|r}} {{Grapheme|ر}} 
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPAslink|l}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦭ}} {{Grapheme|l}} {{Grapheme|ل}} 
|
| {{IPAslink|j}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦪ}} {{Grapheme|y}} {{Grapheme|ي}} 
| {{IPAslink|w}}<br>{{script|Java|ꦮ}} {{Grapheme|w}} {{Grapheme|و}} 
|
|}

Madurese has more [[consonant]]s than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless [[Aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]] (traditionally often transcribed as voiced aspirated), and voiced unaspirated. Similar to [[Javanese language|Javanese]], it has a contrast between [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] (even [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]) stops.<ref>{{harvp|Davies|2010|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Stevens |first=Alan |title=Facts About the World's Languages |date=2001 |publisher=H. W. Wilson |editor-last=Garry |editor-first=J. |location=New York |chapter=Madurese |editor-last2=Rubino |editor-first2=C.}}</ref>

The letters {{Grapheme|f}}, {{Grapheme|q}}, {{Grapheme|v}}, {{Grapheme|x}}, and {{Grapheme|z}} are used in loanwords.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ejaan Bahasa Madura yang Disempurnakan |date=2008 |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan Nasional, Pusat Bahasa, Balai Bahasa Surabaya |pages=3 |language=id}}</ref>