Editing Magnate (section)

==England==
In [[Kingdom of England|England]], the magnate class went through a change in the later Middle Ages. It had previously consisted of all [[tenants-in-chief]] of the crown, a group of more than a hundred families. The emergence of [[English Parliament|Parliament]] led to the establishment of a parliamentary peerage that received personal summons, rarely more than sixty families.<ref name="ChrimesRoss1972">{{cite book|last=Pugh|first=T. B.|editor=S. B. Chrimes, C. D. Ross and R. A. Griffiths|title=Fifteenth-Century England, 1399–1509: Studies in Politics and Society|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7US8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA86|access-date=17 July 2013|year=1972|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=9780064911269|page=86|chapter=The magnates, knights and gentry}}</ref> A similar class in the [[Gaels|Gaelic]] world were the [[Flatha]]. In the Middle Ages, a [[bishop]] sometimes held territory as a magnate, collecting the revenue of the [[Manorialism|manors]] and the associated [[knight's fee|knights' fees]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2007}}

In the Tudor period, after [[Henry VII of England|Henry VII]] defeated [[Richard III of England|Richard III]] at [[Battle of Bosworth Field|Bosworth Field]], Henry made a point of executing or neutralising as many magnates as possible. Henry would make parliament [[attainder|attaint]] undesirable nobles and magnates, thereby stripping them of their wealth, protection from torture, and power. Henry also used the [[Court of the Star Chamber]] to have powerful nobles executed. [[Henry VIII]] continued this approach in his reign; he inherited a survivalistic mistrust of nobles from his father. Henry VIII ennobled very few men, and the ones he did were all "[[new men]]": ''[[novus homo|novi homines]]'', greatly indebted to him and with very limited power.