Editing Mail carrier (section)

==United States==
In the [[United States]], there are three types of mail carriers: City Letter Carriers, who are represented by the [[National Association of Letter Carriers]]; [[Rural Letter Carrier|Rural Carriers]], who are represented by the [[National Rural Letter Carriers' Association]]; and Highway Contract Route carriers, who are independent contractors. While union membership is voluntary, city carriers are organized nearly 93 percent nationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nalc.org/nalc/facthist/nalcfact.html |title=NALC Facts & History - FAQ |publisher=Nalc.org |date=2013-01-28 |access-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113034758/http://www.nalc.org/nalc/facthist/nalcfact.html |archive-date=13 November 2013}}</ref>

Letter carriers are paid hourly with the potential for overtime. They are also subject to "pivoting" on a daily basis. When a carrier's assigned route will take less than 8 hours to complete, management may "pivot" said carrier to work on another route to fill that carrier up to 8 hours. Postal management uses this tool to redistribute and eliminate overtime costs, based on consultation with the carrier about his/her estimated workload for the day and mail volume projections from the DOIS (Delivery Operations Information System) computer program. Routes are adjusted and/or eliminated based on information (length, time, and overall workload) controlled by the program, consultations with the carrier assigned to the route, and a current PS Form 3999 (street observation by a postal supervisor to determine accurate times spent on actual delivery of mail).{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
[[File:StateLibQld 1 119780 Postmen walking in the laneway beside Brisbane's General Post Office, ca.1936.jpg|thumb|Postmen walking in the [[laneway]] beside [[General Post Office, Brisbane|Brisbane's General Post Office]], c. 1936]]
Rural carriers are under a form of [[salary]] called "evaluated hours", usually with overtime built into their pay. The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks, and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted. {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Highway Contract Routes are awarded to the lowest bidder,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://about.usps.com/publications/pub100/pub100_017.htm|title=Star Routes|website=about.usps.com|access-date=2019-10-11}}</ref> and that person then either carries the route themselves or hires carriers to fulfill their contract to deliver the mail.

Letter carriers typically work urban routes that are high density and low mileage. Such routes are classified as either "mounted" routes (for those that require a vehicle) or "walking" routes (for those that are done on foot). When working a mounted route, letter carriers usually drive distinctive white vans with the logo of the [[United States Postal Service]] on the side and deliver to curbside and building affixed [[Letter box|mailboxes]].
Carriers who walk generally also drive postal vehicles to their routes, park at a specified location, and carry one "loop" of mail, up one side of the street and back down the other side, until they are back to their vehicle. This method of delivery is referred to as "park and loop". Letter carriers may also accommodate alternate delivery points if "extreme physical hardship" is confirmed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pe.usps.gov/Archive/HTML/DMMArchive0106/print/508.htm#wp1046972 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060825000554/http://pe.usps.gov/Archive/HTML/DMMArchive0106/print/508.htm#wp1046972 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-08-25 |title=USPS DMM 508 Recipient Services |publisher=Pe.usps.gov |date=1994-07-03 |access-date=2013-12-25}}</ref> In cases where mail carriers do not have assigned vehicles, they may also get undelivered mail from [[relay box]]es placed along their routes.<ref>{{cite news
 | last = Levine
 | first = Alexandra S.
 | title = New York Today: Mysterious Mailboxes
 | newspaper = [[The New York Times]]
 | date = 21 July 2017
 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/nyregion/new-york-today-postal-service-mailboxes.html
 | access-date = 9 April 2021}}</ref>[[File:Provincia de Buenos Aires - Cartero en 1920.jpg|thumb|20th-century mounted postman in Buenos Aires]]Rural carriers typically work routes that have a lower density and higher mileage than those of letter carriers.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/in-rural-america-the-postal-service-is-already-collapsing/|title=In Rural America, the Postal Service Is Already Collapsing|last=Bittle|first=Jake|journal=The Nation|date=2018-05-03|access-date=2019-10-13|language=en-US|issn=0027-8378}}</ref> They all work mounted routes, leaving their vehicles only to deliver to group mailboxes or to deliver an article that must be taken to a customer's door. However, with former rural areas being urbanized, their routes are growing very similar to mounted "city routes." Rural carriers often use their own vehicles and are not required to wear a uniform. Because of urbanization around cities and because rural carriers deliver mail at less cost to the Postal Service, the rural carrier craft is the only craft in the Postal Service that is growing.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Highway Contract Route carriers work routes that were established with a density of less than one customer per mile driven (some later become denser and can then be converted to rural delivery). They are only mounted routes, and all HCR carriers use their own vehicle. These routes are typically found in outlying areas, or around very small communities.[[File:Postman on Wandle Rd, SW17 (5479444030).jpg|thumb|21st-century postman in London delivering mail from a modern mail cart]]

The three types of mail carriers are also hired differently. A new letter carrier begins as a City Carrier Assistant (CCA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nalc.org/depart/cau/index.html |title=Contract Administration |publisher=NALC |access-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127073409/http://www.nalc.org/depart/cau/index.html |archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> Rural carriers are hired as Rural Carrier Associate (RCA) carriers, without benefits. There is normally an RCA assigned to each rural route and they typically work less frequently than city CCAs. As a result, there are thousands of RCA positions that go unfilled due to lack of applicants that are instead covered by other RCAs until hiring improves<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usps.com/employment/ruralcarrierassoc.htm |title=USPS - |access-date=2006-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060822231510/http://www.usps.com/employment/ruralcarrierassoc.htm |archive-date=22 August 2006}}</ref> for the hiring process explained). Highway Contract Route carriers are hired by the winning bidder for that route. They are not United States Postal Service employees and normally receive lower pay than carriers on city or rural routes.

===Female carriers===
[[File:Female mail carrier during WWI.jpg|thumb|upright|Jeanne Decorne, a female auxiliary mail carrier collecting mail in Paris during [[World War I]] about 1915]]
Women have been transporting mail in the United States since the late 1800s. According to the United States Post Office archive, "the first known appointment of a woman to carry mail was on 3 April 1845, when Postmaster General [[Cave Johnson]] appointed Sarah Black to carry the mail between Charlestown Md P.O. & the Rail Road "daily or as often as requisite at $48 per annum". For at least two years Black served as a mail messenger, ferrying the mail between Charlestown's train depot and its post office."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/women-carriers.pdf |title=Women Mail Carriers |date=June 2007|website=About.usps.com |access-date=2015-07-15}}</ref>

At least two women, Susanna A. Brunner in New York and Minnie Westman in Oregon, were known to be mail carriers in the 1880s. [[Mary Fields]], nicknamed "Stagecoach Mary", was the first black woman to work for the USPS, driving a [[stagecoach]] in Montana from 1895 until the early 1900s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Drewry, Jennifer M. |url=http://www.cascademontana.com/mary.htm |title=Mary Fields a pioneer in Cascade's past |publisher=Cascademontana.com |access-date=2013-12-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120729174246/http://www.cascademontana.com/mary.htm |archive-date=29 July 2012}}</ref> When aviation introduced [[airmail]], the first woman mail pilot was [[Katherine Stinson]] who dropped [[mail bag|mailbags]] from her plane at the Montana State Fair in September 1913.<ref name="usps women">{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/women-carriers.pdf |title=Women Carriers |website=About.usps.com|access-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>

The first women city carriers were appointed in World War I and by 2007, about 59,700 women served as city carriers and 36,600 as rural carriers representing 40 per cent of the carrier force.<ref name="usps_women">{{cite web |author=Historian USPS |title=History of Women Carriers |work=Postal People |publisher=USPS |date=June 2007 |url=http://www.usps.com/postalhistory/_pdf/WomenCarriers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508223754/https://www.usps.com/postalhistory/_pdf/WomenCarriers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2009-05-08 |access-date=2009-03-02}}</ref>