Editing Malik Ghulam Muhammad (section)

==Biography==

===Family background and education===

Malik Ghulam Muhammad was born in a [[Kakazai]] family, in suburban neighbourhood near [[Mochi Gate]], in [[Lahore District|Lahore]], [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]], [[British Indian Empire|India]].<ref name=express>{{Cite web |last=Rahi |first=Arwin |date=2020-02-25 |title=Why Afghanistan should leave Pakistani Pashtuns alone |url=https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/94157/why-afghanistan-should-leave-pakistani-pashtuns-alone/ |type=Opinion |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503132315/https://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/94157/why-afghanistan-should-leave-pakistani-pashtuns-alone/ |archive-date=2020-05-03 |access-date=2020-06-26 |website=The Express Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="pakistanherald">{{Cite web |date=2017-07-23 |title=Malik Ghulam Muhammad - Governor-General of Pakistan|url=http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/malik-ghulam-muhammad-1177 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723042210/http://www.pakistanherald.com/profile/malik-ghulam-muhammad-1177 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-07-23 |access-date=2020-08-09 |website=Pakistan Herald}}</ref><ref name="samaatv">{{Cite news |title=Ex Gov.Gen. Ghulam Muhammad's 54th death anniversary today |url=https://www.samaa.tv/news/2010/08/ex-gov-gen-ghulam-muhammad-s-54th-death-anniversary-today/ |access-date=2020-08-09 |work=Samaa TV |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Kakazai">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1365402|title=The history of Lahore's Kakayzais|last=Sheikh|first=Majid|date=2017-10-22|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2018-02-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Routledge, Kumarasingham">{{cite book |last1=Kumarasingham |first1=H. |date=2016|chapter=Bureaucratic Statism |title=Constitution-making in Asia: Decolonisation and State-Building in the Aftermath of the British Empire |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwjeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT160 |publisher=Routledge |location=U.S |edition=1 |isbn=978-1-317-24509-4}}</ref> After completing his schooling in Lahore, he went to [[Aligarh]] in Uttar Pradesh to attend the [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College|MAO College]] of the [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (AMU), and was a roommate of [[Nazir Ahmed (physicist)|Nazir Ahmed]], a physicist and a bureaucrat.<ref name="Springer, Rizvi">{{cite book |last1=Rizvi |first1=H. |title=Military, State and Society in Pakistan |date=15 May 2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwGIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA259 |publisher=Springer |page=259 |isbn=978-0-230-59904-8}}</ref> At AMU he gained a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA degree]] in [[accountancy]].<ref name="Samaa'TV, 2012">{{cite news |title=Ex-Governor General Ghulam Mohammad's anniversary today |url=https://www.samaa.tv/pakistan/2012/08/ex-governor-general-ghulam-mohammad-s-anniversary-today/ |work=Samaa TV |date=29 August 2012 |access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="storyofpakistan" />

===Civil service and business interests===

 {{Main|Indian Civil Service}}

After graduating from AMU, he joined the [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|Audit and Accounts Service]] in March 1920.<ref name="record_list">{{cite book|pages=199|title=The India Office and Burma Office List: 1945|publisher=Harrison & Sons, Ltd.|year=1945}}</ref><ref name="Springer, Malik">{{cite book |last1=Malik |first1=I. |title=State and Civil Society in Pakistan: Politics of Authority, Ideology and Ethnicity |date=13 November 1996 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-qFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA26 |publisher=Springer |page=26 |isbn=978-0-230-37629-8}}</ref><ref name="Mustafain & Murtazain, Raza">{{cite book |last1=Raza |first1=Syed Hashim |date=1991 |title=Hamari Manzil |location=Karachi, Pakistan |publisher=Mustafain & Murtazain |isbn=978-969-460-002-4}}</ref>{{rp|630}} In January 1921, he received his first official appointment as assistant audit officer with the [[Oudh and Rohilkhand Railway]].<ref name="record_list"/> Upon its merger into the [[East Indian Railway]] in 1925, Muhammad was briefly appointed a government executor of accounts with the [[Bengal and North Western Railway]], serving in this capacity from January to November. Having earned a reputation as an able and competent accountant, he was then appointed to the [[Indian Railway Board]] before becoming the Controller of General Supplies and Purchase of the Indian Railways.<ref name="Mustafain & Murtazain, Raza"/>{{rp|274–275}} From June 1932 to February 1934, he was attached to the administration of [[Bhopal State]], and worked under its nawab, [[Hamidullah Khan]].<ref name="record_list"/> In March 1934, he returned to government service and was appointed deputy accountant-general (posts and telegraphs); in May, he was appointed as officiating deputy director-general (posts and telegraphs, finance), and was confirmed in the appointment in January 1935.<ref name="record_list"/> In July 1936, he was appointed as officiating financial officer in the same department, was confirmed in his appointment in April 1937 and was promoted to financial officer (communications) in October.<ref name="record_list"/>

Following the outbreak of the [[Second World War]], Muhammad was successively appointed to increasingly important positions: chief controller of stores in March 1940, controller-general of purchase in September 1940 and additional secretary to the Department of Supply in March 1941.<ref name="record_list"/>
His wartime services as a professional accountant were recognized by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] that year when he was appointed a [[:Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire|Companion]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1941 Birthday Honours]] list.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35184 |supp=y|page=3285|date=6 June 1941}}</ref> In May 1942, Muhammad was assigned to the [[Hyderabad State]] administration,<ref name="record_list"/>  in which he served as an advisor to the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].

In 1945, he helped co-found the Mahindra and Mohamed Steel Company together with steel industrialists, [[Jagdish Chandra Mahindra|JC Mahindra]] and KC Mahindra where Muhammad served the company's chartered accountant.<ref name="Lexington Books, Jacobs">{{cite book |last1=Jacobs |first1=A. J. |date=2016 |chapter=Mahindra&Mahindra in North America |title=The New Domestic Automakers in the United States and Canada: History, Impacts, and Prospects |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hTrCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA334 |location=New York |publisher=Lexington Books |page=334 |isbn=978-0-7391-8826-2}}</ref> In 1945–47, the company initially registered as the [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra & Mohammad]], and started the [[licensed production]] of the [[Willys MB|Willys jeeps]] in Bombay as Muhammad looked after the company's revenue and finances.<ref name="Mahindra">{{cite web|last1=Mahindra|first1=Mahindra|title=Mahindra's history - Mahindra Rise|url=http://www.mahindra.com/about-us/history|website=www.mahindra.com|publisher=Mahindra|access-date=24 March 2017}}</ref>

After [[World War II]], he was asked by [[Nawab of Bahawalpur]], [[Sadeq Mohammad Khan V|Sir Sadeq Mohammad Khan V]] to represent him at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], and during this time, he began formatting political relations with Liaquat Ali Khan.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust">{{cite web |title=Ghulam Muhammad--Former Governor General of Pakistan|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/ghulam-muhammad|website=Story Of Pakistan|publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust|access-date=24 March 2017|location=Lahore, Pakistan|date=21 October 2013}}</ref> He left Hyderabad to join the Ministry of Finance in 1946.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust" /> In the [[1946 Birthday Honours|1946 King's Birthday Honours List]], the last honours list in which Indian civil servants were recognised, he received a [[Knight Bachelor|knighthood]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37598 |supp=y|page=2757|date=4 June 1946}}</ref>