Editing Malingering (section)

== History ==
===Antiquity===
According to [[1 Samuel]] in the [[Old Testament]], [[King David]] [[feigned madness]] to [[Achish]], the king of the [[Philistines]]. Some scholars believe this was not feigned but real [[epilepsy]], and phrasing in the [[Septuagint]] supports that position.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1=McClintock |editor-first1=John |editor-link1=John McClintock (theologian) |editor-last2=Strong |editor-first2=James |editor-link2=James Strong (theologian) |entry=Madness |title=[[Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature]] |volume=5 |publisher=[[Harper & Brothers]] |year=1894 |pages=628b–629a}}</ref>

[[Odysseus]] was said to have feigned insanity to avoid participating in the [[Trojan War]].<ref name="Apollodorus">{{cite book |author=Apollodorus |author-link=Pseudo-Apollodorus |translator-last=Frazer |translator-first=James George |translator-link=James George Frazer |orig-year=c. 100–200 CE|title=Epitome |section=E3.7 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.3.7 |series=[[Loeb Classical Library]] |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]], [[W. Heinemann]] |publication-date=1921 |isbn=0-674-99136-2}}</ref><ref name="Hyginus">{{cite book |author=Hyginus |author-link=Gaius Julius Hyginus |translator-last=Grant |translator-first=Mary |orig-year=c. 40 BCE–15 CE |title=''Fabulae'' (The Myths of Hyginus) |url=https://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae2.html |location=Lawrence, KS |publisher=[[University Press of Kansas|University of Kansas Press]] |publication-date=1960 |section=95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209204358/http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae2.html#95 |archive-date=February 9, 2013 |via=[[Theoi Project]]}}</ref>

Malingering was recorded in Roman times by the physician [[Galen]], who reported two cases: one patient simulated [[colic]] to avoid a public meeting, and another feigned an injured knee to avoid accompanying his master on a long journey.<ref name="Lund">{{cite journal |author-last=Lund |author-first=Fred Bates |date=1941 |title=Galen on Malingering, Centaurs, Diabetes, and Other Subjects More or Less Related |journal=Proceedings of the Charaka Club |volume=10 |location=New York |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |pages=52–55}}</ref>

===Renaissance===
In 1595, a treatise on feigned diseases was published in [[Milan]] by Giambattista Silvatico.

Various phases of malingering ({{lang|fr|les gueux contrefaits}}) are represented in the etchings and engravings of [[Jacques Callot]] (1592–1635).<ref>{{cite book |first=Fielding H. |last=Garrison |author-link=Fielding H. Garrison |title=History of Medicine |edition=3rd |publisher=W. B. Saunders |year=1921 |pages=[https://archive.org/stream/3edintroductiont00garruoft#page/201/mode/1up 201], [https://archive.org/stream/3edintroductiont00garruoft#page/312/mode/1up 312] |url=https://archive.org/details/3edintroductiont00garruoft |via=[[Internet Archive]] |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

In his [[Elizabethan]]-era social-climbing manual, [[George Puttenham]] recommends a would-be courtier to have "sickness in his sleeve, thereby to shake off other importunities of greater consequence".<ref name="Puttenham">{{cite book |author-last=Puttenham |author-first=George |author-link=George Puttenham |editor-last1=Wigham |editor-first1=Frank |editor-last2=Rebhorn |editor-first2=Wayne A. |year=1589 |title=The Art of English Posey: A Critical Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FZ89DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA379 |location=Ithaca, NY |publisher=[[Cornell University Press]] |publication-date=2007 |isbn=978-1501707414 |pages=379–380}}</ref>

=== Modern period ===
Although the concept of malingering has existed since time immemorial, the term for malingering was introduced in the 1900s due to those who would feign illness or disability to avoid [[military service]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Why questions regarding effort and malingering are always raised in forensic neuropsychological evaluations |date=2008-11-19 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203890042-8 |work=Neuropsychology of Malingering Casebook |pages=27–38 |access-date= |publisher=Psychology Press|doi=10.4324/9780203890042-8 |isbn=9780203890042 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1943, US Army General [[George S. Patton]] found a soldier in a field hospital with no wounds; the soldier claimed to be suffering from [[combat stress reaction|battle fatigue]]. Believing the patient was malingering, [[George S. Patton slapping incidents|Patton flew into a rage and physically assaulted him]]. The patient had [[Malaria|malarial parasites]].<ref name="Axelrod">{{cite book |first=Alan |last=Axelrod |author-link=Alan Axelrod |year=2006 |title=Patton: A Biography |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |location=[[London]] |isbn=978-1-4039-7139-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/patton00axel/page/115 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/patton00axel/page/115 115–116] }}</ref>

[[Agnes (case study)|Agnes]] was the first subject of an in-depth discussion of transgender identity in sociology, published by [[Harold Garfinkel]] in 1967. In the 1950s, Agnes feigned symptoms and lied about almost every aspect of her medical history. Garfinkel concluded that fearing she would be denied access to [[sexual reassignment surgery]], she had avoided every aspect of her case which would have indicated [[gender dysphoria]] and hidden the fact that she had taken hormone therapy. Physicians observing her feminine appearance therefore concluded she had [[testicular feminization syndrome]], which legitimized her request for the surgery.<ref>{{cite book |last=Garfinkel |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Garfinkel |date=1967 |chapter=Passing and the Managed Achievement of Sex Status in an Intersex Person, Part 1 |title=Studies in Ethnomethodology |publisher=[[Blackwell Publishing]] |pages=116–185 |isbn= 978-0745600055}}</ref>