Editing Mammal classification (section)

==Molecular classification of placentals==
Molecular studies by [[molecular phylogeny|molecular systematist]]s, based on [[DNA]] analysis, in the early 21st century have revealed new relationships among mammal families. Classification systems based on molecular studies reveal three major groups or lineages of [[placental]] mammals, [[Afrotheria]], [[Xenarthra]], and [[Boreoeutheria]]. which diverged from early common ancestors in the [[Cretaceous]].<ref name=Kriegs2006>{{cite journal|last=Kriegs|first=Jan Ole|author2=Churakov, Gennady |author3=Kiefmann, Martin |author4=Jordan, Ursula |author5=Brosius, Jürgen |author6= Schmitz, Jürgen |title=Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals|journal=PLOS Biology|year=2006|volume=4|issue=4|pages=e91|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091|pmid=16515367|pmc=1395351 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The relationships between these three lineages are contentious, and all three have been proposed as basal in different hypotheses.<ref name=Kriegs2006/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hallström |first1=B. M. |last2=Kullberg |first2=M. |last3=Nilsson |first3=M. A. |last4=Janke |first4=A. |date=2007 |title=Phylogenomic Data Analyses Provide Evidence that Xenarthra and Afrotheria Are Sister Groups |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=9 |pages=2059–2068 | pmid=17630282 | doi=10.1093/molbev/msm136| doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=Nishiharaetal2009>{{cite journal|last=Nishihara|first=H.|author2=Maruyama, S. |author3=Okada, N. |title=Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|year=2009|volume=106|issue=13|pages=5235–5240|doi=10.1073/pnas.0809297106|pmid=19286970|pmc=2655268|bibcode=2009PNAS..106.5235N|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The following taxonomy only includes living placentals (infraclass [[Eutheria]]):{{citation needed|reason=There is no reference for the up to date molecular taxonomy. A suitable reference is Mammalogy: Adaptation, Diversity, Ecology by George A. Feldhamer, Lee C. Drickamer, Stephen H. Vessey, Joseph F. Merritt, Carey Krajewski, JHU Press, 19 Feb 2015, which claims to be using a preliminary taxonomy for the 4th edition of Mammal Species of the World. The google books link is https://books.google.com/books?id=CAq5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA238. The reference will be added when the taxonomy has been changed  |date=February 2020}}

===[[Atlantogenata]]===

====[[Afrotheria]]====
*Clade [[Afroinsectiphilia]]
**Order [[Macroscelidea]]
***Family [[Macroscelididae]]: (20 species), sengis or elephant shrews (Africa)<ref>{{cite web|title=Afrotherian Systematics|website=IUCN Afrotheria Specialist Group|url=http://www.afrotheria.net/systematics.php|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>
**Order [[Afrosoricida]]
***Family [[Tenrecidae]]: (31 species<ref>{{BioRef|asm|family=Tenrecidae|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref>), tenrecs (Madagascar) 
***Family [[Potamogalidae]]: (3 species<ref>{{BioRef|asm|family=Potamogalidae|access-date=7 December 2019}}</ref>), otter-shrews (West and Central Africa)
***Family [[Chrysochloridae]]: (21 species), golden moles (Africa south of the Sahara)
**Order [[Tubulidentata]]
***Family [[Orycteropodidae]]: (1 species), aardvark (Africa south of the Sahara)
*Clade [[Paenungulata]]
**Order [[Proboscidea]]
***Family [[Elephantidae]]: (3 species), elephants (Africa, Southeast Asia)
**Order [[Hyracoidea]]
***Family [[Procaviidae]]: (4 species), hyraxes, dassies (Africa, Arabia)
**Order [[Sirenia]]
***Family [[Dugongidae]]: (1 species), dugong (East Africa, Red Sea, North Australia)
***Family [[Trichechidae]]: (3 species), manatees (tropical Atlantic coasts and adjacent rivers)

====[[Xenarthra]]====
*Order [[Cingulata]]<ref name="GibbCondamine2016">{{cite journal|last1=Gibb|first1=Gillian C.|last2=Condamine|first2=Fabien L.|last3=Kuch|first3=Melanie|last4=Enk|first4=Jacob|last5=Moraes-Barros|first5=Nadia|last6=Superina|first6=Mariella|last7=Poinar|first7=Hendrik N.|last8=Delsuc|first8=Frédéric|title=Shotgun Mitogenomics Provides a Reference Phylogenetic Framework and Timescale for Living Xenarthrans|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=33|issue=3|year=2016|pages=621–642|issn=0737-4038|doi=10.1093/molbev/msv250|doi-access=free|pmid=26556496|pmc=4760074}}</ref>
**Family [[Chlamyphoridae]]: (14 species), armadillos (Neotropical)
**Family [[Dasypodidae]]: (7 species), long-nosed armadillos (Neotropical and Nearctic)
*Order [[Pilosa]] (=Dasypoda)<ref name="GibbCondamine2016"/>
**Suborder [[Vermilingua]] (anteaters)
***Family [[Cyclopedidae]]: (1 species), silky anteater (Neotropical)
***Family [[Myrmecophagidae]]: (3 species), anteaters (Neotropical)
**Suborder [[Folivora]] (sloths)
***Family [[Choloepodidae]]: (2 species), two-toed sloths (Neotropical)
***Family [[Bradypodidae]]: (4 species), three-toed sloths (Neotropical)

===[[Boreoeutheria]]===

====[[Euarchontoglires]] ====
[[File:Katzenmaki (Chirogaleus furcifer).png|thumb|right|199px|[[Masoala fork-marked lemur]] (''Cheirogaleus'') ''Phaner furcifer'']]
*Superorder [[Euarchonta]]
**Order [[Scandentia]]
***Family [[Ptilocercidae]] (1 species), pen-tailed treeshrews (Southeast Asia)
***Family [[Tupaiidae]]: (19 species), treeshrews (Southeast Asia)
**Mirorder [[Primatomorpha]]
***Order [[Dermoptera]]
****Family [[Cynocephalidae]]: (2 species), flying lemurs or colugos (Southeast Asia)
***Order [[Primates]]: lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes ([[cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]]) [[File:Wild aye aye.jpg|thumb|right|199px|[[Aye aye]] (Daubentonid)]]
****Family [[Cheirogaleidae]]: (32 species), dwarf lemurs (Madagascar)
****Family [[Lemuridae]]: (22 species), lemurs (Madagascar)
****Family [[Lepilemuridae]]: (26 species), sportive lemurs (Madagascar)
****Family [[Indriidae]]: (19 species), indri and sifakas (Madagascar)
****Family [[Daubentoniidae]]: (1 species), aye-aye (Madagascar area)
****Family [[Lorisidae]]: (9 species), lorises and potto (Africa and Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Galagidae]]: (19 species), galagos (Africa) [[File:Capuchin Costa Rica.jpg|thumb|right|199px|[[Capuchin monkey]] (Cebid)]]
****Family [[Tarsiidae]]: (9 species), tarsiers (Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Callitrichidae]]: (41 species), marmosets and tamarins (South America)
****Family [[Cebidae]]: (14 species), New World monkeys (South America)
****Family [[Cercopithecidae]]: (137 species), Old World monkeys (Africa and Eurasia)
****Family [[Hylobatidae]]: (14 species), gibbons (Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Hominidae]]: (8 species), great apes (worldwide)
*Superorder [[Glires]]
**Order [[Lagomorpha]]: pikas, rabbits, hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas) [[File:Arctic Hare 1.jpg|thumb|right|199px|[[Arctic hare]] ([[Leporidae|Leporid]])]]
***Family [[Leporidae]]: (60 species), rabbits and hares (Eurasia, Africa, Americas)
***Family [[Ochotonidae]]: (30 species), pikas (Holarctic)
**Order [[Rodent]]ia: rodents (cosmopolitan)
***Suborder [[Castorimorpha]] 
****Family [[Castoridae]]: (2 species) beavers (Holarctic)
****Family [[Geomyidae]]: (about 35 species) pocket gophers (North America)
****Family [[Heteromyidae]]: (about 59 species) kangaroo rats and kangaroo mice (North America)
***Suborder [[Myomorpha]]
****Family [[Dipodidae]]: (33 species) jerboas (Africa, Eurasia, North America)
****Family [[Zapodidae]]: (11 species) jumping mice (North America, Asia)
****Family [[Sicistidae]]: (19 species) birch mice (Eurasia)
****Family [[Platacanthomyidae]]: (3 species) spiny dormouse (Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Spalacidae]]: (37 species) zokors, root rats, blind mole rats (Africa, Eurasia)
****Family [[Calomyscidae]]: (8 species) mouse-like hamsters (Asia)
****Family [[Nesomyidae]]: (68 species) old endemic African muroids (Africa, Madagascar)
****Family [[Cricetidae]]: (about 580 species) hamsters, voles, and New World rats and mice (Holarctic, South America)
****Family [[Muridae]]: (about 1,383 species) Old World rats and mice and gerbils (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
***Suborder [[Anomaluromorpha]]
****Family [[Anomaluridae]]: (6 species) scaly-tailed flying squirrels (Africa)
****Family [[Pedetidae]]: (2 species) springhares or springhaas (Africa)
***Suborder [[Hystricomorpha]]
****Family [[Ctenodactylidae]]: (5 species) gundis (Africa, Asia)
****Family [[Diatomyidae]]: (1 species) Laotian rock rat (Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Hystricidae]]: (11 Species) Old World porcupines (Africa, Asia)
****Family [[Bathyergidae]]: (about 21 species) African mole-rats (Africa)
****Family [[Petromuridae]]: (1 species) rock dassies (Africa)
****Family [[Thryonomyidae]]: (2 species) cane rats (Africa)
****Family [[Erethizontidae]]: (19 species) New World porcupines (New World)
****Family [[Chinchillidae]]: (3 species) chinchillas and viscachas (South America)
****Family [[Dinomyidae]]: (1 species) pacarana (South America)
****Family [[Caviidae]]: (18 species) cavies and capybara (South America)
****Family [[Dasyproctidae]]: (13 species) agoutis and acouchis (South America)
****Family [[Cuniculidae]]: (about 3 species) paca (South America)
****Family [[Ctenomyidae]]: (about 60 species) tuco-tucos (South America)
****Family [[Octodontidae]]: (14 species) degus (South America)
****Family [[Abrocomidae]]: (9 species) chinchilla-rats (South America)
****Family [[Echimyidae]]: spiny rats (South America)
****Family [[Capromyidae]]: (10 species) hutias (South America)
****Family [[Heptaxodontidae]]: giant hutias (recently extinct)
****Family [[Myocastoridae]]: (57 species) nutrias (South America)
***Suborder [[Sciuromorpha]] [[File:Aplodontia.jpg|thumb|right|199px|Mountain beaver (''Aplodont'')]]
****Family [[Aplodontiidae]]: (1 species) mountain beaver (western North America)
****Family [[Sciuridae]]: (about 285 species) squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots (cosmopolitan except Australia)
****Family [[Gliridae]]: (29 species) dormice (Africa, Eurasia)

====[[Laurasiatheria]]====
*Order [[Eulipotyphla]]
**Family [[Solenodontidae]]: (2 species) solenodons (Cuba, Hispaniola)
**Family [[Nesophontidae]]: nesophontes (West Indies shrews) (recently extinct)
**Family [[Soricidae]]: (385 species) shrews (Eurasia, Africa, North America to northern South America)
**Family [[Talpidae]]: (59 species) moles, shrew-moles, desmans (Eurasia, North America)
**Family [[Erinaceidae]]: (26 species) hedgehogs, gymnures (Eurasia, Africa)
**Family [[Galericidae]]: (8 species) moonrats (southeast Asia)
*Grandorder [[Chiroptera]] <!-- used for both ranks, following reference noted in citation needed -->
**Order [[Chiroptera]]: bats 
***Suborder Yinpterochiroptera 
****Family [[Pteropodidae]]: (about 197 species) flying foxes (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
****Family [[Hipposideridae]]: (84 species) trident bats, leaf-nosed bats
****Family [[Rhinolophidae]]: (106 species) horseshoe bats (Old World)
****Family [[Rhinopomatidae]]: (6 species) mouse-tailed bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Craseonycteridae]]: (1 species) Kitti's hog-nosed bat (Thailand)
****Family [[Megadermatidae]]: (6 species) false vampire bats (Africa, Southeast Asia, Australia)
***Suborder Yangochiroptera 
****Family [[Emballonuridae]]: (54 species) sac-winged bats (southern continents)
****Family [[Nycteridae]]: (about 15 species) slit-faced bats (Africa, Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Mystacinidae]]: (about 2 species) short-tailed bats (New Zealand)
****Family [[Thyropteridae]]: (5 species) disk-winged bats (South America)
****Family [[Furipteridae]]: (2 species) smoky bats (South America)
****Family [[Noctilionidae]]: (2 species) fishing bats (South America)
****Family [[Mormoopidae]]: (about 11 species) leaf-chinned bats (South America)
****Family [[Phyllostomidae]]: (192 species) leaf-nosed bats (South America)
****Family [[Myzopodidae]]: (2 species) sucker-footed bats (Madagascar)
****Family [[Natalidae]]: (10 species) funnel-eared bats (South America)
****Family [[Molossidae]]: (about 110 species) free-tailed bats (cosmopolitan)
****Family [[Miniopteridae]]: (about 40 species) long-fingered bats (Africa, Eurasia, Australia)
****Family [[Cistugidae]]: (2 species) wing-gland bats (Southern Africa)
****Family [[Vespertilionidae]]: (over 300 species) vesper bats (cosmopolitan)
*Grandorder [[Ferae]]
**Order [[Pholidota]]
***Family [[Manidae]]: (about 8 species) pangolins, scaly anteaters (Africa, South Asia)
**Order [[Carnivora]]: carnivorans (cosmopolitan)
***Suborder [[Feliformia]]
****Family [[Nandiniidae]]: (4 species) African palm civet (Central Africa)
****Family [[Prionodontidae]]: (2 species) Asiatic linsangs (Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Felidae]]: (41 species) cats (cosmopolitan except Australia)
****Family [[Viverridae]]: (33 species) civets, Asiatic palm civets (Africa, Southern Europe, Southeast Asia)
****Family [[Herpestidae]]: (34 species) mongooses (Africa, Asia, Southern Europe)
****Family [[Eupleridae]]: (10 species) Malagasy carnivorans (Madagascar)
****Family [[Hyaenidae]]: (4 species) hyaenas, aardwolf (Africa)
***Suborder [[Caniformia]]
****Family [[Canidae]]: (38 species) dogs (cosmopolitan)
****Family [[Ursidae]]: (8 species) bears (Europe, Asia, New World)
****Family [[Otariidae]]: (15 species) eared seals (cosmopolitan except North Atlantic)
****Family [[Odobenidae]]: (1 species) walrus (Northern North American, Northern Europe, Northern Asia)
****Family [[Phocidae]]: (18 species) true seals (cosmopolitan)
****Family [[Ailuridae]]: (1 species) red panda (South-Central Asia)
****Family [[Mephitidae]]: (12 species) skunks (Southeast Asia, New World)
****Family [[Mustelidae]]: (about 69 species) weasels and relatives (cosmopolitan except Australia)
****Family [[Procyonidae]]: (14 species) ringtails, olingos, kinkajou, raccoons, coatis (New World)
*Grandorder [[Euungulata]]
**Order [[Perissodactyla]]: odd-toed ungulates
***Family [[Equidae]]: (13 species) horses, zebras, donkeys (Africa, West and Central Asia)
***Family [[Tapiridae]]: (3 species) tapirs (Central and South America, Southeast Asia)
***Family [[Rhinocerotidae]]: (5 species) rhinoceroses (Africa, Southeast Asia)
**Order [[Artiodactyla]]: even-toed ungulates (now includes [[cetacea]]ns)
***Suborder [[Suiformes]]
****Family [[Suidae]]: (18 species) pigs (Africa, Eurasia) [[File:Sow with piglet.jpg|200px|thumb|Pig and piglet]]
****Family [[Tayassuidae]]: (about 3 species) peccaries (New World)
***Suborder [[Tylopoda]]
****Family [[Camelidae]]: (7 species) camels (South America, Asia)
***Suborder [[Ruminantia]]
****Family [[Tragulidae]]: (10 species) mouse-deer (Africa, Asia)
****Family [[Antilocapridae]]: (1 species) pronghorn (North America)
****Family [[Giraffidae]]: (2-9 species) giraffe and okapi (Africa) [[File:Giraffen.jpg|200px|thumb|Giraffe]]
****Family [[Cervidae]]: (26 species) deer (Holarctic, South America)
****Family [[Moschidae]]: (7 species) musk deer (Asia) [[File:Muntjac deer.JPG|199px|thumb|right|Muntjac deer]]
****Family [[Bovidae]]: (143 species) cattle, antelope, sheep, etc. (Africa, Holarctic) [[File:Pair of Icelandic Sheep.jpg|thumb|200px|Pair of Icelandic sheep]]
***Suborder [[Whippomorpha]]
****Family [[Hippopotamidae]]: (2 species) hippos (Africa)
****Infraorder [[Cetacea]]
*****Parvorder [[Mysticeti]]
******Family [[Balaenopteridae]]: (10 species) rorquals and grey whales (cosmopolitan)
******Family [[Balaenidae]]: (4 species) right and bowhead whales (polar and temperate waters)
******Family [[Eschrichtiidae]]: (1 species) gray whale (North Pacific and North Atlantic)
******Family [[Neobalaenidae]]: (1 species) pygmy right whales (southern hemisphere) 
*****Parvorder [[Odontoceti]]
******Family [[Delphinidae]]: (about 37 species) dolphins (cosmopolitan)
******Family [[Monodontidae]]: (2 species) beluga and narwhal (Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific)
******Family [[Phocoenidae]]: (8 species) porpoises (cosmopolitan)
******Family [[Physeteridae]]: (3 species) sperm whales (cosmopolitan)
******Family [[Kogiidae]]: (2 species) dwarf sperm whales (cosmopolitan)
******Family [[Platanistidae]]: (2 species) South Asian river dolphin (Southern Asia)
******Family [[Iniidae]]: (1-4 species) Amazon River dolphin (South America)
******Family [[Pontoporiidae]]: (1 species) La Plata River dolphin (South America)
******Family [[Lipotidae]]: baiji<!--need citation to add this new family--->
******Family [[Ziphiidae]]: (24 species) beaked whales (cosmopolitan)