Editing Manchu language (section)

==Names==
The Qing dynasty used various Mandarin Chinese expressions to refer to the Manchu language, such as "Qingwen" ({{lang|zh-hant|清文}})<ref>{{cite book |title=Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Q6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA169|date=21 August 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27927-8|page=169}}</ref> and "Qingyu" ({{lang|zh-hant|清語}}) ("Qing language"). The term "national" was also applied to writing in Manchu, as in ''Guowen'' ({{lang|zh-hant|國文}}), in addition to ''Guoyu'' ({{lang|zh-hant|國語}}) ("national language"),<ref name="CrossleySiu2006">{{cite book|author1=Pamela Kyle Crossley|author2=Helen F. Siu|author3=Professor of Anthropology Helen F Siu|author4=Donald S. Sutton, Professor of History and Anthropology Donald S Sutton|title=Empire at the Margins: Culture, Ethnicity, and Frontier in Early Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtNVMUx9qIIC&pg=PA38|date=19 January 2006|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23015-6|pages=38}}</ref> which was used by previous non-Han dynasties to refer to their languages and, in modern times, to the [[Standard Chinese]] language.<ref name="Rhoads2000">{{cite book|author=Edward J. M. Rhoads|title=Manchus and Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QiM2pF5PDR8C&pg=PA109|year=2000|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98040-9|page=109}}</ref> In the Manchu-language version of the [[Treaty of Nerchinsk]], the term "Chinese language" (''Dulimbai gurun i bithe'') referred to all three Chinese, Manchu, and Mongol languages, not just one language.<ref>{{cite journal|page=12 |url=http://mcx.sagepub.com/content/32/1/3.abstract |archive-date=25 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325231543/https://webspace.utexas.edu/hl4958/perspectives/Zhao%20-%20reinventing%20china.pdf |jstor=20062627 |doi=10.1177/0097700405282349 |title=Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century |last1=Zhao |first1=Gang |journal=Modern China |volume=32 |number=1 |date=January 2006 |publisher=Sage Publications |s2cid=144587815 |url-status=dead |access-date=23 May 2014 }}</ref>