Editing Manhattan (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Manhattan}}
{{See also|History of New York City}}

=== Lenape settlement ===
Manhattan was historically part of the [[Lenapehoking]] territory inhabited by the [[Munsee]], [[Lenape]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magazine |first=Smithsonian |title=The True Native New Yorkers Can Never Truly Reclaim Their Homeland |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/true-native-new-yorkers-can-never-truly-reclaim-their-homeland-180970472/ |access-date=June 29, 2022 |website=Smithsonian Magazine }}</ref> and [[Wappinger]] [[Native Americans in the United States|tribes]].<ref name="nb">[[Nathaniel Benchley|Benchley, Nathaniel]]. [http://www.americanheritage.com/24-swindle "The $24 Swindle"] ''[[American Heritage (magazine)|American Heritage]]'', 1959, Vol. 11, Issue 1. Accessed January 5, 2024.</ref> There were several Lenape settlements in the area including [[Sapohanikan]], [[Nechtanc]], and [[Konaande Kongh]], which were interconnected by a series of trails. The primary trail on the island, which would later become [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]], ran from what is now [[Inwood, Manhattan|Inwood]] in the north to [[Battery Park]] in the south.<ref>[https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/NY-01-061-9060 Broadway], [[Society of Architectural Historians]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "Predating the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, Broadway was initially a Native American trading trail running the length of Manhattan. Various indigenous peoples living on the island—including Lenni Lenape, Delaware Lenape, and Wickquasgeck—used the route, known as the Wickquasgeck Trail, to exchange goods with each other. Following Dutch settlement in 1609 and the establishment of Fort Amsterdam in lower Manhattan, the Wickquasgeck Trail's southern endpoint became a site for trading between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists."</ref> There were various sites for [[fishing]] and planting established by the Lenape throughout Manhattan.<ref name=":1" />

==== Toponymy ====
{{further|Etymology of Manhattan}}
The [[etymology]] of the name ''Manhattan'' is most likely, via [[loanword|loaning]] by [[Dutch language|Dutch]], from the [[Lenape]]'s local language [[Munsee language|Munsee]], ''manaháhtaan'' (where ''manah-'' means "gather", ''-aht-'' means "[[bow (archery)|bow]]", and ''-aan'' is used to form verb [[word stem|stems]]). The Lenape word has been translated as "the place where we get bows" or "place for gathering the (wood to make) bows". According to a Munsee tradition recorded by [[Albert Anthony|Albert Seqaqkind Anthony]] in the 19th century, the island was named for a grove of [[hickory tree]]s that was considered ideal for bowmaking. An alternate theory claims a "[[Delaware languages|Delaware]] source akin to Munsee ''munahan'' ("island")."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goddard|first=Ives|author-link=Ives Goddard|date=2010|title=The Origin and Meaning of the Name "Manhattan"|url=http://repository.si.edu/xmlui/handle/10088/16790|journal=New York History|volume=91|issue=4|pages=277–293|hdl=10088/16790|issn=0146-437X|via=Smithsonian Research Online}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
 |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Manhattan#etymonline_v_6797
 |title=Manhattan
 |website=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]
 |author=Douglas Harper
 |date=2023
 |access-date=December 30, 2024
}}</ref>

===Colonial era{{anchor|17th century}}===
{{main|New Netherland|New Amsterdam|Province of New York}}
{{multiple image
 | align     = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width     = 220
 | image1    = Stad Amsterdam in Nieuw Nederland (City Amsterdam in New Netherland) Castello Plan 1660.jpg
 | caption1  = The [[Castello Plan]], a 1660 map of New Amsterdam (the top right corner is roughly north) in [[Lower Manhattan]]
 | image2    = GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg
 | caption2  = [[New Amsterdam]], centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year [[British colonization of the Americas|England]] took control and renamed it New York
}}
In April 1524, [[Florence|Florentine]] explorer [[Giovanni da Verrazzano]], sailing in service of [[Francis I of France]], became the first documented European to visit the area that would become New York City.<ref>[https://exploration.marinersmuseum.org/subject/giovanni-da-verrazzano/ Giovanni da Verrazzano], [[Mariners' Museum and Park]]. Accessed December 24, 2023. "Verrazzano sailed onward, continuing his search for the Northwest Passage. In mid-April 1524, Verrazzano and his crew became the first known Europeans to sail into New York Bay. Once again they were greeted peacefully by the Native Americans and treated well."</ref> Verrazzano entered the [[tidal strait]] now known as [[The Narrows]] and named the land around [[Upper New York Harbor]] ''[[New Angoulême]]'', in reference to the family name of King Francis I; he sailed far enough into the harbor to sight the [[Hudson River]], and he named the ''Bay of Santa Margarita'' – what is now Upper New York Bay – after [[Marguerite de Navarre]], the elder sister of the king.<ref>R. J. Knecht: Renaissance Warrior and Patron: The Reign of Francis I; p. 372. Cambridge University Press (1996) {{ISBN|0-521-57885-X}}</ref><ref>[[Seymour I. Schwartz]]: The Mismapping of America. p. 42; The University of Rochester Press (2008) {{ISBN|978-1-58046-302-7}}</ref>

Manhattan was first mapped during a 1609 voyage of [[Henry Hudson]].<ref>{{cite book |title=New York: the World's Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.226262 |author1=Rankin, Rebecca B. |author2=Cleveland Rodgers |publisher=Harper |date=1948 }}</ref> Hudson came across Manhattan Island and the native people living there, and continued up the river that would later bear his name, the [[Hudson River]].<ref name=SciAm>[http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/diglib/sciamer/hhudson/hhudson.htm "Henry Hudson and His Exploration"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118021253/http://www.ulster.net/~hrmm/diglib/sciamer/hhudson/hhudson.htm |date=January 18, 2012 }} ''[[Scientific American]]'', September 25, 1909. Accessed May 1, 2007. "This was a vain hope however, and the conviction must finally have come to the heart of the intrepid adventurer that once again he was foiled in his repeated quest for the northwest passage ... On the following day the ''Half Moon'' let go her anchor inside of [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey|Sandy Hook]]. The week was spent in exploring the bay with a shallop, or small boat, and "they found a good entrance between two headlands" (the Narrows) "and thus entered on the 12th of September into as fine a river as can be found""</ref> Manhattan was first recorded in writing as ''Manna-hata'', in the logbook of Robert Juet, an officer on the voyage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://documents.nytimes.com/robert-juet-s-journal-of-hudson-s-1609-voyage#document/p16 |title= Juet's Journal of Hudson's 1609 Voyage, from the 1625 Edition of ''Purchas His Pilgrimes'' |work=The New York Times |date=2006 |orig-year=1625 |first=Robert |last=Juet |page= 16 |others= Translated by Brea Barthel |access-date= May 11, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160703074230/http://documents.nytimes.com/robert-juet-s-journal-of-hudson-s-1609-voyage#document/p16 |archive-date= July 3, 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

A permanent European presence in [[New Netherland]] began in 1624, with the founding of a [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] [[fur trade|fur trading]] settlement on [[Governors Island]].<ref>[https://www.govisland.com/history History], [[Governor's Island]]. Accessed December 24, 2023. "The Dutch West India Company first arrived to New Amsterdam and opted to set up camp on the small, 70-acre Island rather than brave the wilderness that lay across the water on the island that would later be known as Manhattan."</ref> In 1625, construction was started on the [[citadel]] of [[Fort Amsterdam]] on Manhattan Island, later called [[New Amsterdam]] (''Nieuw Amsterdam''), in what is now Lower Manhattan.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm Dutch Colonies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519132451/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/kingston/colonization.htm |date=May 19, 2010 }}, [[National Park Service]]. Accessed May 19, 2007. "Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan."</ref><ref name=Tolerance>[http://tolerancepark.org/id2.html GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness and Conscious Vigilance] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824201858/http://www.tolerancepark.org/id2.html |date=August 24, 2019 }}, Tolerance Park. Accessed November 20, 2016. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.</ref> The establishment of Fort Amsterdam is recognized as the birth of New York City.<ref>[http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/about/greenbook_seal_flag.shtml City Seal and Flag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428153256/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcas/html/about/greenbook_seal_flag.shtml |date=April 28, 2015 }}, New York City. Accessed November 20, 2016. "Date: Beneath the horizontal laurel branch the date 1625, being the year of the establishment of New Amsterdam."</ref>
In 1647, [[Peter Stuyvesant]] was appointed as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony.<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2021667648/ ''Journal of New Netherland 1647. Written in the Years 1641, 1642, 1643, 1644, 1645, and 1646.''], [[Library of Congress]]. Accessed August 6, 2023. "The West India Company removed Kieft from his post in 1647 and replaced him with Peter Stuyvesant, the last director-general of New Netherland before the colony was taken over by the English in 1664."</ref> New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653.<ref>[http://council.nyc.gov/html/about/about.shtml About the Council] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160212013515/http://council.nyc.gov/html/about/about.shtml |date=February 12, 2016 }}, [[New York City Council]]. Accessed May 18, 2007.</ref> In 1664, English forces conquered New Netherland and renamed it "New York" after the English [[James II of England|Duke of York and Albany]], the future King James II.<ref>[https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtID=3&psid=101 New Netherlands Becomes New York], [[University of Houston]] Digital History. Accessed January 3, 2024. "In 1664, the English sent a fleet to seize New Netherlands, which surrendered without a fight. The English renamed the colony New York, after James, the Duke of York, who had received a charter to the territory from his brother King Charles II."</ref> In August 1673, the [[Reconquest of New Netherland|Dutch reconquered]] the colony, renaming it "New Orange", but permanently relinquished it back to England the following year under the terms of the [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]] that ended the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]].<ref>Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),''Exploring Historic Dutch New York''. Museum of the City of New York/Dover Publications, New York (2011). {{ISBN|978-0-486-48637-6}}</ref><ref>[https://www.history101.nyc/history-of-new-york-city-1600s "History of New York City - 1600s NYC"], History 101 NYC. Accessed January 3, 2024. "1673: A pivotal moment in New York City's history when Dutch forces briefly reclaimed it during the Third Anglo-Dutch War. The city, captured by the English in 1664 and renamed New York, was temporarily dubbed New Orange in honor of William of Orange.... 1674: The Treaty of Westminster, signed in February, officially concluded the Third Anglo-Dutch War. This treaty marked a crucial turn in colonial history, transferring New York permanently to English control."</ref>

===American Revolution{{anchor|18th century}}===
{{Further|American Revolution}}
[[File:George Washington Statue at Federal Hall.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)|Statue]] of [[George Washington]] in front of [[Federal Hall]] on [[Wall Street]], where in 1789 he was sworn in as the [[Presidency of George Washington|first U.S. president]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Inauguration of George Washington, 1789 |url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/washingtoninaug.htm |publisher=Ibis Communications, Inc |work=Eyewitness to History |date=2005|access-date=January 6, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130110000045/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/washingtoninaug.htm|archive-date=January 10, 2013}}</ref>]]

Manhattan was at the heart of the [[New York and New Jersey campaign|New York Campaign]], a series of major battles in the early stages of the [[American Revolutionary War]]. The [[Continental Army]] was forced to abandon Manhattan after the [[Battle of Fort Washington]] on November 16, 1776.<ref>[https://www.battlefields.org/learn/revolutionary-war/battles/fort-washington Fort Washington], [[American Battlefield Trust]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "Fought on November 16, 1776 on the island of Manhattan, the Battle of Fort Washington was the final devastating chapter in General Washington's disastrous New York Campaign.... At 3:00 P.M., after a fruitless attempt to gain gentler surrender terms for his men, Magaw surrendered Fort Washington and its 2,800 surviving defenders to the British."</ref> The city, greatly damaged by the [[Great Fire of New York (1776)|Great Fire of New York]] during the campaign, became the British military and political center of operations in North America for the remainder of the war.<ref>[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=8258 Fort Washington Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708181253/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=8258 |date=July 8, 2009 }}, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]]. Accessed May 18, 2007.</ref> British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783, when [[George Washington]] returned to Manhattan, a day celebrated as [[Evacuation Day (New York)|Evacuation Day]], marking when the last British forces left the city.<ref>Axelson, Erik Peter.[http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=19733 "Happy Evacuation Day"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005121859/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_newsroom/daily_plants/daily_plant_main.php?id=19733 |date=October 5, 2008 }}, [[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]], November 23, 2005. Accessed December 24, 2023. "During the Revolutionary War, New York City was occupied by British forces (from September 15, 1776 to November 25, 1783). For generations afterward, New Yorkers celebrated its repatriation from the British as Evacuation Day."</ref>

From January 11, 1785, until 1789, New York City was the fifth of five [[List of capitals in the United States|capitals of the United States]] under the [[Articles of Confederation]], with the [[Continental Congress]] meeting at [[New York City Hall]] (then at [[Fraunces Tavern]]).<ref>[https://declaration.fas.harvard.edu/blog/january-superintending-1 "January Highlight: Superintending Independence, Part 1"], [[Harvard University]] Declaration Resources Project, January 4, 2017. Accessed December 24, 2023. "From January 11, 1785 through 1789, the Congress of the Confederation met in New York City, at City Hall (which later became Federal Hall) and at Fraunces Tavern."</ref> New York was the first capital under the newly enacted [[United States Constitution|Constitution of the United States]], from March 4, 1789, to August 12, 1790, at [[Federal Hall]].<ref>[https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm The Nine Capitals of the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320084755/https://www.senate.gov/reference/reference_item/Nine_Capitals_of_the_United_States.htm |date=March 20, 2016 }}. [[United States Senate]] Historical Office. Accessed June 9, 2005. Based on Fortenbaugh, Robert, ''The Nine Capitals of the United States'', York, Pennsylvania: Maple Press, 1948...</ref> Federal Hall was where the [[United States Supreme Court]] met for the first time,<ref>{{cite web|title=Birthplace of American Government|url=http://www.nps.gov/feha/index.htm|website=[[National Park Service]] |access-date=September 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912063959/http://www.nps.gov/feha/index.htm|archive-date=September 12, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[United States Bill of Rights]] were drafted and ratified,<ref name=cwf>{{cite web|last1=Lynch|first1=Jack |title=Debating the Bill of Rights|url=http://www.history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter09/rights.cfm|website=[[Colonial Williamsburg Foundation]] |access-date=September 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705233009/http://history.org/Foundation/journal/Winter09/rights.cfm |archive-date=July 5, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> and where the [[Northwest Ordinance]] was adopted, establishing measures for [[admission to the Union]] of new states.<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/feha/learn/hc.htm History & Culture: Federal Hall National Memorial], [[National Park Service]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "After the American Revolution, the Continental Congress met at City Hall and, in 1787, adopted the Northwest Ordinance, establishing procedures for creating new states."</ref>

===19th century===
New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of [[Alexander Hamilton]]'s policies and practices as the first [[Secretary of the Treasury]] to expand the city's role as a center of commerce and industry.<ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/new-york-historic/ Historic New York], ''[[American Experience]]''. Accessed December 24, 2023. "But New York's enormous Revolutionary War debt had the federal government hovering on the brink of bankruptcy, so Alexander Hamilton struck a momentous deal with Thomas Jefferson.... Alexander Hamilton's extraordinary early vision helped invent the economic future not only for his adoptive city, but also for the rest of the United States. Although the country was 90% agrarian, Hamilton understood that the future lay in manufacturing. As the first Secretary of the Treasury in New York City in 1789, he mapped out a blueprint for a new kind of nation – one based not on plantations and slave labor, but on commerce, manufacturing, and immigrant toil."</ref> By 1810, New York City, then confined to Manhattan, had surpassed [[Philadelphia]] as the most populous city in the United States.<ref>[[David W. Dunlap|Dunlap, David W.]] [https://archive.nytimes.com/cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/1810-war-clouds-on-horizon-but-limitless-growth-beyond/ "Last Time New York Had Just 27 House Seats? The City Was on the Rise"], {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924053746/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/12/01/1810-war-clouds-on-horizon-but-limitless-growth-beyond/ | date=September 24, 2014}} ''[[The New York Times]]'', December 1, 2010. Accessed December 24, 2023. "Even as war with Britain seemed more and more inevitable, however, New York spent much of 1810 — boisterously and confidently — developing into the American metropolis. New York, just as I pictured it. This was the year New York surpassed Philadelphia in population to become the largest city of the young republic, with 96,373 people; 94,687 of whom were free, 1,686 of whom were enslaved."</ref> The [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]] laid out the island of Manhattan in its familiar [[grid plan]].<ref name=MCNY1811>[https://thegreatestgrid.mcny.org/greatest-grid/making-the-plan/12 The Commissioners' Plan, 1811], [[Museum of the City of New York]]. Accessed December 1, 2023. "The avenues are 100 feet wide, the standard cross street is 60 feet, and major cross streets are 100 feet.... The second pattern derives from block dimensions: all blocks are 200 feet north to south, but their dimensions east to west vary, diminishing in width from the center of the island to the shorelines."</ref> The city's role as an economic center grew with the opening of the [[Erie Canal]] in 1825, cutting transportation costs by 90% compared to road transport and connecting the Atlantic port to the vast agricultural markets of the [[Midwestern United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite book|author = Bridges, William | title = Map of the City of New York and Island of Manhattan with Explanatory Remarks and References | year= 1811}}</ref><ref name="lankevich-p67">Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.</ref><ref>[https://www.canals.ny.gov/history/history.html Canal History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210014948/https://canals.ny.gov/history/history.html |date=December 10, 2023 }}, [[New York State Canal Corporation]]. Accessed January 3, 2024. "In 1825, Governor Dewitt Clinton officially opened the Erie Canal as he sailed the packet boat Seneca Chief along the Canal from Buffalo to Albany.... The explosion of trade prophesied by Governor Clinton began, spurred by freight rates from Buffalo to New York of $10 per ton by Canal, compared with $100 per ton by road.... The Erie Canal played an integral role in the transformation of New York City into the nation's leading port, a national identity that continues to be reflected in many songs, legends and artwork today."</ref>

[[Tammany Hall]], a [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] [[political machine]], began to grow in influence with the support of many of the [[Irish diaspora|immigrant Irish]], culminating in the election of the first Tammany mayor, [[Fernando Wood]], in 1854.<ref>[https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,807536,00.html "Sachems & Sinners An Informal History Of Tammany Hall"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', August 22, 1955. Accessed December 1, 2023. "Born in Philadelphia, Wood went to New York to become an actor, but turned instead to politics and rose to become the first real Boss of Tammany Hall. In 1854 he became Mayor of New York City."</ref> Covering {{Convert|840|acres}} in the center of the island, [[Central Park]], which opened its first portions to the public in 1858, became the first [[arboriculture|landscaped public park]] in an American city.<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/central-park-opens Central Park Opens: 1858], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed December 24, 2023. ""</ref><ref>Blair, Cynthia. [https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004544/http://www.newsday.com/about/ny-ihiny011405story%2C0%2C2798382.htmlstory "1858: Central Park Opens"], ''[[Newsday]]''. Accessed May 29, 2007. "Between 1853 and 1856, city commissioners purchased more than {{convert|700|acre|ha}} from 59th Street to 106th Street between Fifth and Eighth Avenues to create Central Park, the nation's first public park {{sic}} as well as its first landscaped park." In actuality, [[Boston Common]] is the nation's first public park. [http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/boston-common.shtml Boston Common] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226153116/http://www.thefreedomtrail.org/freedom-trail/boston-common.shtml |date=December 26, 2014 }}, Thefreedomtrail.org.</ref><ref>Rybczynski, Witold. [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/olmsteds-triumph-85403245/ "Olmsted's Triumph"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226143407/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/olmsteds-triumph-85403245/ |date=December 26, 2015 }}, ''[[Smithsonian (magazine)]]'', July 2003. Accessed November 20, 2016. "By 1876, landscape designer Frederick Law Olmsted and architect Calvert Vaux had transformed the swampy, treeless 50 blocks between Harlem and midtown Manhattan into the first landscaped park in the United States."</ref><ref>Morgan, David. [https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/new-york-central-park/2/ "New York's Central Park"], ''[[CBS News]]'', July 21, 2019. Accessed December 24, 2023. "America's first major landscaped public park, Manhattan's 840-acre Central Park welcomes more than 37 million visitors every year."</ref>

[[File:Viele Map 1865.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3.4|The "Sanitary & Topographical Map of the City and Island of New York", commonly known as the Viele Map, developed by [[Egbert Ludovicus Viele]] in 1865]]
New York City played a complex role in the [[American Civil War]]. The city had strong commercial ties to the [[southern United States|South]], but anger around [[conscription]], resentment against Lincoln's war policies and paranoia about [[free negro|free Blacks]] taking the jobs of poor immigrants<ref>Harris, Leslie M. [http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html "The New York City Draft Riots of 1863" excerpted from ''In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080852/http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/317749.html |date=June 29, 2011 }}, [[University of Chicago Press]]. Accessed November 20, 2016.</ref> culminated in the three-day-long [[New York Draft Riots]] of July 1863, among the worst incidents of [[civil disorder]] in American history.<ref>[[Geoffrey C. Ward|Ward, Geoffrey C.]] [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/06/books/gangs-of-new-york.html "Gangs of New York"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716171936/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/06/books/gangs-of-new-york.html |date=July 16, 2019 }}, a review of ''[[Paradise Alley]]'' by [[Kevin Baker (author)|Kevin Baker]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 6, 2002. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The New York draft riots remain the worst civil disturbance in American history: according to the historian Adrian Cook, 119 people are known to have been killed, mostly rioters or onlookers who got too close when federal troops, brought back from the battlefield to restore order, started shooting."</ref> The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the [[Statue of Liberty]] in 1886.<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/prod02.htm Statue of Liberty] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316214349/http://www.nps.gov/archive/stli/prod02.htm |date=March 16, 2016 }}, [[National Park Service]]. Accessed May 17, 2007.</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/06/nyregion/new-jerseyans-claim-to-liberty-i-rejected.html "New Jerseyans' Claim To Liberty I. Rejected"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328063437/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/06/nyregion/new-jerseyans-claim-to-liberty-i-rejected.html |date=March 28, 2019 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 6, 1987. Accessed June 30, 2009. "The Supreme Court today refused to strip the Statue of Liberty of its status as a New Yorker. The Court, without comment, turned away a move by a two New Jerseyans to claim jurisdiction over the landmark for their state."</ref> This immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of [[revolution]] (including [[anarchist]]s and [[communist]]s among others), [[syndicalism]], [[racketeering]], and [[unionization]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}

In 1883, the opening of the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] across the [[East River]] established a road connection to [[Brooklyn]] and the rest of [[Long Island]].<ref>[https://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/html/infrastructure/brooklyn-bridge.shtml Brooklyn Bridge], [[New York City Department of Transportation]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "The Brooklyn Bridge was designed by John A. Roebling. Construction began in 1869 and was completed in 1883.... The Brooklyn Bridge connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River."</ref> In 1898, New York City consolidated with three neighboring counties to form "the [[City of Greater New York]]", and Manhattan was established as one of the five [[boroughs of New York City]].<ref>[https://archaeology.cityofnewyork.us/collection/nyc-timeline/consolidation-of-the-five-borough-city Consolidation of the Five-Borough City: 1898], [[New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission]]. Accessed November 30, 2023. "On January 1, 1898, the separate jurisdictions of New York (Manhattan), Brooklyn, the Bronx, Queens, and Staten Island joined together to form a single metropolis: the City of Greater New York. Movements for consolidation had been considered as far back as 1820, but by the end of the 19th century proponents were claiming that a single metropolitan jurisdiction stretching over five boroughs would run more efficiently and cement New York as the economic and cultural capital of the nation."</ref><ref>McFadden, Robert D. [https://www.nytimes.com/1973/01/01/archives/rockets-red-glare-marked-birth-of-merged-city-in-1898-sounds-and.html "Rockets' Red Glare Marked Birth of Merged City in 1898"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', January 1, 1973. Accessed November 30, 2023.</ref> [[The Bronx]] remained part of New York County until 1914, when Bronx County was established.<ref>[https://www.thirteen.org/bronx/history2.html "Birth of a Borough"], ''A Walk Through the Bronx''. Accessed January 3, 2024. "After consolidation in 1898, the twenty-third and twenty-fourth wards became the borough of the Bronx, which with Manhattan remained part of New York County (the other boroughs were already separate counties).... It was not until 1912, however, that the state legislature established the County of the Bronx as the sixty-second county in the state, effective January 1, 1914."</ref>

===20th century===
{{further|Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire|Stonewall riots}}
[[File:Mulberry Street NYC c1900 LOC 3g04637u edit.jpg|thumb|Manhattan's [[Little Italy, Manhattan|Little Italy]] on the [[Lower East Side]], {{c.|1900}}]]
[[File:Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg|alt=A man working on a steel girder high above a city skyline.|thumb|A [[construction worker]] atop the [[Empire State Building]] during its construction in 1930. The [[Chrysler Building]] is visible to the right.]]
The construction of the [[New York City Subway]], which opened in 1904, helped bind the new city together,<ref>[https://www.loc.gov/item/2016600205/ Opening ceremonies, New York subway, Oct. 27, 1904], [[Library of Congress]]. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref> as did the completion of the [[Williamsburg Bridge]] (1903) and [[Manhattan Bridge]] (1909) connecting to Brooklyn and the [[Queensboro Bridge]] (1909) connecting to Queens.<ref>Dim, Joan Marans. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1c5cjq1 "New York's Golden Age of Bridges"], [[Fordham University Press]], 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-8232-5308-1}}. Accessed December 4, 2023. "The Williamsburg followed in 1903, the Queensboro (renamed the Ed Koch Queensboro Bridge) and the Manhattan in 1909, the George Washington in 1931, the Triborough (renamed the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge) in 1936, the Bronx-Whitestone in 1939, the Throgs Neck in 1961, and the Verrazano-Narrows in 1964."</ref> In the 1920s, Manhattan experienced large arrivals of African-Americans as part of the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] from the southern United States, and the [[Harlem Renaissance]],<ref>[https://nmaahc.si.edu/explore/stories/new-african-american-identity-harlem-renaissance A New African American Identity: The Harlem Renaissance], [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]]. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref> part of a larger boom time in the [[Prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]] era that included new [[skyscraper]]s competing for the skyline, with the [[Woolworth Building]] (1913), [[40 Wall Street]] (1930), the [[Chrysler Building]] (1930), and the [[Empire State Building]] (1931) leapfrogging each other to take their place as the [[History of the world's tallest buildings|world's tallest building]].<ref>Barr, Jason M. [https://buildingtheskyline.org/tag/woolworth-building/ "Why Doesn't New York Construct the World's Tallest Building Anymore?"], Building the Skyline, December 23, 2020. Accessed December 4, 2023. "Generation II was the twentieth century before World War I. This crop included the Singer Building (1908, 674 feet, 205 meters, 41 stories), the Metropolitan Life Tower (1909, 700 feet, 210 meters, 50 stories), and the Woolworth Building (1913, 792 feet, 241 meters, 55 stories).... Left to Right: Bank of Manhattan Building (1930), Chrysler Building (1930), Empire State Building (1931)."</ref> Manhattan's majority [[White American|white]] ethnic group declined from 98.7% in 1900 to 58.3% by 1990.<ref name=Census1790to1990/> On March 25, 1911, the [[Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire]] in [[Greenwich Village]] killed 146 [[garment worker]]s,<ref>[https://www.osha.gov/aboutosha/40-years/trianglefactoryfire The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire], [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]]. Accessed December 1, 2023. "One hundred years ago on March 25, fire spread through the cramped Triangle Waist Company garment factory on the 8th, 9th and 10th floors of the Asch Building in lower Manhattan. Workers in the factory, many of whom were young women recently arrived from Europe, had little time or opportunity to escape. The rapidly spreading fire killed 146 workers."</ref> leading to overhauls of the city's fire department, [[building code]]s, and workplace safety regulations.<ref>Markel, Howard. [https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/how-the-triangle-shirtwaist-factory-fire-transformed-labor-laws-and-protected-workers-health "How the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire transformed labor laws and protected workers' health"], ''[[PBS NewsHour]]'', March 31, 2021. Accessed December 4, 2023. "Activists kept their memory alive by lobbying their local and state leaders to do something in the name of building and worker safety and health. Three months later, John Alden Dix, then the governor of New York, signed a law empowering the Factory Investigating Committee, which resulted in eight more laws covering fire safety, factory inspection, and sanitation and employment rules for women and children. The following year, 1912, activists and legislators in New York State enacted another 25 laws that transformed its labor protections among the most progressive in the nation."</ref> In 1912, about 20,000 workers, a quarter of them women, marched upon [[Washington Square Park]] to commemorate the fire. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the company, a clothing style that became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of [[women's liberation]], reflecting the alliance of the labor and [[suffrage]] movements.<ref>[http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ The Triangle Factory Fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512025233/http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/trianglefire/ |date=May 12, 2012 }}, [[Cornell University School of Industrial and Labor Relations]]. Accessed April 25, 2007.</ref>

Despite the [[Great Depression]], some of the world's tallest skyscrapers were completed in Manhattan during the 1930s, including numerous [[Art Deco]] masterpieces that are still part of the city's skyline, most notably the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and [[GE Building|30 Rockefeller Plaza]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Skyscraper boom tied to market crash | website=Real Estate Weekly | date=February 19, 2014 | url=http://rew-online.com/2014/02/19/skyscraper-boom-tied-to-market-crash/ | access-date=April 11, 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412083536/http://rew-online.com/2014/02/19/skyscraper-boom-tied-to-market-crash/ | archive-date=April 12, 2018 | url-status=dead | df=mdy-all }}</ref> A postwar economic boom led to the development of huge housing developments targeted at returning veterans, the largest being [[Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village]], which opened in 1947.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1947/08/01/archives/stuyvesant-town-to-get-its-first-tenants-today.html "Stuyvesant Town to Get Its First Tenants Today"], p. 19, ''[[The New York Times]]'', August 1, 1947. Accessed December 4, 2023.</ref><ref>[https://www.stuytown.com/guides/stuytown/history "A History of StuyTown & Peter Cooper Village"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231227191506/https://www.stuytown.com/guides/stuytown/history |date=December 27, 2023 }}, ''Stuytown'', January 12, 2019. Accessed December 27, 2023. "Construction of StuyTown took place between 1945-1947, encompassing 110 buildings and 11,250 apartments."</ref> The [[United Nations]] relocated to a new [[headquarters of the United Nations|headquarters]] that was completed in 1952 along the East River.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/visit/about-us About Us], [[United Nations]]. Accessed December 27, 2023. "Construction began on UN Day (24 October) 1949 and was completed in 1952. Since then, the iconic buildings have gracefully 'hovered' over the East River, using the natural landscape to emphasize the brilliance of the 'glass curtain' wall of the Secretariat (the first of its kind in Manhattan), like a beacon of light to the world."</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fultonhistory.com/highlighter/highlight-for-xml?altUrl=http%3A%2F%2Ffultonhistory.com%2FNewspapers%252021%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201951%2FCortland%2520NY%2520Standard%25201951%2520-%25200266.pdf|title=UN Moves Into New Building In NYC Today|last=[[Associated Press]]|date=January 8, 1951|work=Cortland Standard|access-date=December 21, 2017|page=1|via=[[Old Fulton New York Postcards]]}}</ref><ref>[[A. M. Rosenthal|Rosenthal, A. M.]]. [https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/un-vacates-site-at-lake-success-peace-building-back-to-war-output.html "U.N. Vacates Site at Lake Success; Peace Building Back to War Output"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', May 19, 1951. Accessed December 27, 2023.</ref>
[[File:Stonewall_Inn_5_pride_weekend_2016.jpg|alt=A two-story building with brick on the first floor, with two arched doorways, and gray stucco on the second floor off of which hang numerous rainbow flags.|thumb|[[Stonewall Inn]] in [[Greenwich Village]], the site of the June 1969 [[Stonewall riots]] and the cradle of the modern [[gay rights|LGBTQ+ rights]] movement]]
The [[Stonewall riots]] were a series of spontaneous, violent protests by members of the [[LGBT community|gay community]] against a [[police raid]] that took place in the early morning hours of June 28, 1969, at the [[Stonewall Inn]] in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. They are widely considered to constitute the single most important event leading to the [[gay liberation]] movement<ref name=GayGreenwichVillage1>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers|author=Julia Goicichea|publisher=The Culture Trip |date=August 16, 2017|access-date=February 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428024815/https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/|archive-date=April 28, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=KentuckyStonewall/> and the modern fight for [[LGBT rights by country or territory|LGBT rights]].<ref name=NPSStonewall/><ref name=ObamaStonewall/><ref name="GayborhoodGreenwichVillage">{{cite web |first=Julia |last=Goicichea |date=August 16, 2017 |title=Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers |url=https://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/new-york/articles/why-new-york-city-is-a-major-destination-for-lgbt-travelers/ |access-date=January 25, 2025 |publisher=The Culture Trip }}</ref><ref name=NPS99000562>{{cite web |title=Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562 |url=http://www.nps.gov/diversity/stonewall.htm |access-date=January 25, 2025|publisher=[[National Park Service]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Eli |last=Rosenberg |date=June 24, 2016 |title=Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/25/nyregion/stonewall-inn-named-national-monument-a-first-for-gay-rights-movement.html |access-date=January 25, 2025}}</ref>

In the 1970s, job losses due to [[Deindustrialization|industrial restructuring]] caused New York City, including Manhattan, to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html|title=New York in the 70s: A Remembrance|author=Allan Tannenbaum|publisher=The Digital Journalist|access-date=July 20, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320194616/http://digitaljournalist.org/issue0402/at_intro.html|archive-date=March 20, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> While a resurgence in the [[financial industry]] greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<ref>{{cite web |author=Christopher Effgen |url=http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |title=New York Crime Rates 1960–2009 |publisher=Disastercenter.com |date=September 11, 2001 |access-date=July 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629060042/http://www.disastercenter.com/crime/nycrime.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The 1980s saw a rebirth of [[Wall Street]], and Manhattan reclaimed its role as the world's [[financial center]], with Wall Street employment doubling from 1977 to 1987.<ref>David, Greg. [https://www.crainsnewyork.com/article/20100627/ANNIVERSARY/100629890/new-york-city-then-now "New York City: Then & Now"], ''[[Crain's New York]]'', June 27, 2010. Accessed December 3, 2023. "Still, Wall Street stands apart, not only as the engine of the city's rebirth and the dominant figure on the New York business landscape, but as the singular ingredient that the city can no longer live without, for better and for worse.... Back in 1977, Wall Street's ranks had been winnowed to 70,000, a decline of 30% during the decade. Those jobs accounted for only 5% of all the wages in the city.... The securities industry in the city more than doubled in size in the decade to 160,000. The pay its people received increased sixfold, accounting for almost 13% of all the wages in the city."</ref> The 1980s also saw Manhattan at the heart of the [[AIDS crisis]], with Greenwich Village at its epicenter.<ref>[https://www.nyclgbtsites.org/site/st-vincents-hospital-manhattan/ St. Vincent's Hospital Manhattan], NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Accessed December 3, 2023. "By the time HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, was first identified in 1983, St. Vincent's had become the epicenter of the epidemic in New York City with patients overwhelming the emergency room, its hallways, and beds."</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Times Square]] and [[42nd Street (Manhattan)|42nd Street]] – with its [[sex shop]]s, [[peep show]]s, and adult theaters, along with its [[prostitution|sex trade]], street crime, and public drug use – became emblematic of the city's decline, with a 1981 article in ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine calling the stretch of West 42nd Street between [[7th Avenue (Manhattan)|7th]] and [[8th Avenue (Manhattan)|8th Avenues]] the "sleaziest block in America".<ref>Chakraborty, Deblina. [https://www.cnn.com/2016/04/18/us/80s-times-square-then-and-now/index.html "When Times Square was sleazy"], ''[[CNN]]'', April 18, 2016. Accessed January 2, 2024. "The sex market and drug trade thrived in the area, and homeless encampments dotted its streets. Many local theaters – once legitimate operations showcasing the performances of renowned actors like Lionel Barrymore – had become home to peep shows and porn movies.... In 1981, ''Rolling Stone'' magazine called West 42nd Street, located in the heart of Times Square, the 'sleaziest block in America.'"</ref> By the late 1990s, led by efforts by the city and the [[Walt Disney Company]], the area had been revived as a center of tourism to the point where it was described by ''[[The New York Times]]'' as "arguably the most sought-after 13 acres of commercial property in the world."<ref>Bagli, Charles V.; and Kennedy, Randy. [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/05/nyregion/disney-wished-upon-times-sq-and-rescued-a-stalled-dream.html "Disney Wished Upon Times Sq. And Rescued a Stalled Dream"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', April 5, 1998. Accessed January 2, 2024. "Only five years later, a relative blink of the eye in the world of New York City development, that 42d Street is a dim memory. Times Square is a swirl of theaters, theme restaurants, tourist buses and construction cranes. It has become arguably the most sought-after 13 acres of commercial property in the world."</ref>

By the 1990s, crime rates began to drop dramatically<ref>Fagan, Jeffrey; Zimring, Franklin E.; and Kim, June. [https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=6979&context=jclc "Declining Homicide in New York City: A Tale of Two Trends"], ''[[Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology]]'', Summer 1998. Accessed December 3, 2023. "The peak year in Manhattan and the Bronx was 1990, while Brooklyn and Queens had their highest levels in 1991. Still, the temporal pattern during the late 1980s and early 1990s was pretty consistent across boroughs."</ref><ref>[https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2013/february/1990s-drop-in-nyc-crime-not-due-to-compstat-misdemeanor-arrests-study-finds.html "1990s Drop in NYC Crime Not Due to CompStat, Misdemeanor Arrests, Study Finds"], [[New York University]], February 4, 2013. Accessed December 3, 2023. "New York City experienced a historic decline in crime rates during the 1990s, but it was not due to the implementation of CompStat or enhanced enforcement of misdemeanor offenses, according to an analysis by NYU sociologist David Greenberg."</ref> and the city once again became the destination of immigrants from around the world, joining with low [[interest rate]]s and Wall Street [[bonus payment]]s to fuel the growth of the real estate market.<ref>Hevesi, Dennis. [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/16/realestate/in-much-of-the-city-a-robust-market.html "In Much of the City, A Robust Market"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328071307/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/16/realestate/in-much-of-the-city-a-robust-market.html |date=March 28, 2019 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', March 16, 1997. Accessed June 29, 2009.</ref> Important new sectors, such as [[Silicon Alley]], emerged in the [[Flatiron District]], cementing technology as a key component of Manhattan's economy.<ref>Gallagher, Fergal. [https://www.builtinnyc.com/2015/10/12/where-exactly-or-was-silicon-alley "The Mysterious Origins of the Term Silicon Alley Revealed"], Built in NYC, November 4, 2015. Accessed December 3, 2023. "The moniker 'Silicon Alley' first emerged in the mid-1990s as a way to group the wave of new media tech startups that were located around the Flatiron neighborhood of Manhattan near Madison Square Park. The physical alley refers to the corridor that connects Midtown to Lower Manhattan, running past the Flatiron building at Madison Square Park and Union Square towards Soho."</ref>

The [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]], described by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] as "something of a deadly dress rehearsal for 9/11", was a terrorist attack in which six people were killed when a van bomb filled with explosives was detonated in a parking lot below the [[List of tenants in 1 World Trade Center (1971–2001)|North Tower]] of the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center complex]].<ref>[https://www.fbi.gov/history/famous-cases/world-trade-center-bombing-1993 World Trade Center Bombing 1993], [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]]. Accessed December 3, 2023. "On February 26, 1993, at about 17 minutes past noon, a thunderous explosion rocked lower Manhattan. The epicenter was the parking garage beneath the World Trade Center, where a massive eruption carved out a nearly 100-foot crater several stories deep and several more high.... The attack turned out to be something of a deadly dress rehearsal for 9/11; with the help of Yousef's uncle Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, al Qaeda would later return to realize Yousef's nightmarish vision."</ref>

===21st century===
{{See also|September 11 attacks}}
[[File:UA Flight 175 hits WTC south tower 9-11 edit.jpeg|thumb|[[United Airlines Flight 175]] hits the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|South Tower]] on September 11, 2001.]]
On September 11, 2001, the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|Twin Towers of the original World Trade Center]] were struck by hijacked aircraft and collapsed in the [[September 11 attacks]] launched by [[al-Qaeda]] terrorists. The collapse caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan, and resulted in the [[Casualties of the September 11 attacks|deaths of 2,606]] of the 17,400 who had been in the buildings when the planes hit, in addition to those on the planes.<ref>Jackson, Patrick. [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57698668 "September 11 attacks: What happened on 9/11?"], ''[[BBC News]]'', August 3, 2021. Accessed December 3, 2023. "How many people died?... At the Twin Towers, 2,606 people died - then or later of injuries... When the first plane struck, an estimated 17,400 people were in the towers."</ref> Since 2001, most of [[Lower Manhattan]] has been restored, although [[World Trade Center rebuilding controversy|there has been controversy]] surrounding the rebuilding. In 2014, the new [[One World Trade Center]], at {{convert|1776|ft|m}} measured to the top of its spire, became the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere<ref>Boyette, Chris; and Hetter, Katia. [https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/one-world-trade-center-tallest-us-building/index.html "It's official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper"], ''[[CNN]]'', November 12, 2013. Accessed December 3, 2023. "One World Trade Center in New York will be the United States' tallest building when completed, beating out Chicago's Willis Tower, according to an announcement Tuesday by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.... The spire reaches from that parapet to the new building's height of 1,776 feet."</ref> and is the [[List of tallest buildings|world's seventh-tallest building (as of 2023)]].<ref>[https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/buildings Tallest Buildings], [[Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat]]. Accessed December 3, 2023.</ref>

The [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests in [[Zuccotti Park]] in the [[Financial District (Manhattan)|Financial District]] of Lower Manhattan began on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the [[Occupy movement]] against [[social inequality|social]] and [[economic inequality]] worldwide.<ref>[https://money.cnn.com/2011/09/17/technology/occupy_wall_street/index.htm "Hundreds of protesters descend to 'Occupy Wall Street'"], ''[[CNN Money]]'', September 17, 2011. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref><ref>Greene, Brian. [https://www.usnews.com/news/washington-whispers/articles/2011/10/17/how-occupy-wall-street-started-and-spread "How 'Occupy Wall Street' Started and Spread"], ''[[U. S. News & World Report]]'', October 17, 2011. Accessed December 1, 2023.</ref>

On October 29 and 30, 2012, [[Hurricane Sandy]] caused [[Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York|extensive destruction]] in the borough, ravaging portions of Lower Manhattan with record-high [[storm surge]] from New York Harbor,<ref name="NYC after Sandy">{{cite news|last1=Long |first1=Colleen |last2=Peltz |first2=Jennifer |name-list-style=amp |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/water-fire-and-darkness-nyc-after-superstorm |title=Water, fire and darkness: NYC after the superstorm |agency=Associated Press |date=October 30, 2012 |access-date=September 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227224124/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/water-fire-and-darkness-nyc-after-superstorm |archive-date=December 27, 2012 }}</ref> severe flooding, and high winds, causing [[power outage]]s for hundreds of thousands of city residents<ref>{{cite news|title=Gas Lines Pop Up Citywide As Relief Efforts Continue |url=http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/171753/gas-lines-pop-up-citywide-as-relief-efforts-continue |publisher=NY1 |date=November 3, 2012 |access-date=November 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192737/http://www.ny1.com/content/top_stories/171753/gas-lines-pop-up-citywide-as-relief-efforts-continue |archive-date=November 4, 2012 }}</ref> and leading to [[gasoline]] shortages<ref>{{cite news|title=Free Gas Draws Crowds In New York City; Gas Rationing Starts In New Jersey|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/11/03/164234992/gas-rationing-ordered-in-new-jersey |publisher=NPR |date=November 3, 2012|access-date=November 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105092300/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2012/11/03/164234992/gas-rationing-ordered-in-new-jersey|archive-date=November 5, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> and disruption of [[mass transit]] systems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tracking Storm Sandy Recovery|url=http://live.reuters.com/Event/Tracking_Storm_Sandy/54277687 |work=Reuters|date=October 30, 2012|access-date=October 30, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030061036/http://live.reuters.com/Event/Tracking_Storm_Sandy/54277687|archive-date=October 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bhasin|first=Kim|title=MTA: In 108 Years, The NYC Subway System Has Never Faced A Disaster As Devastating As This|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/hurricane-sandy-mta-subway-2012-10|website=Business Insider|date=October 30, 2012|access-date=September 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024031640/http://www.businessinsider.com/hurricane-sandy-mta-subway-2012-10 |archive-date=October 24, 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hurricane Sandy forces mass transit closure, evacuations |url=http://www.myfoxny.com/story/19933026/mta-subways-ready-for-hurricane-sandy |publisher=MyFoxNY |date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=September 19, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029094330/http://www.myfoxny.com/story/19933026/mta-subways-ready-for-hurricane-sandy |archive-date=October 29, 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{youTube|mhJrrGNvcFk|Raw: Sandy Leaves NYC Subways Flooded}}</ref> The storm and its profound impacts have prompted discussion of constructing [[seawall]]s and other [[coastal management|coastal barriers]] around the [[shoreline]]s of the borough and the metropolitan area to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<ref>{{cite web |date=November 15, 2012 |url=http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1 |title=Adaptation: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form|author=Robert S. Eshelman|publisher=E&E Publishing|access-date=December 2, 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205101452/http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1|archive-date=February 5, 2013}}</ref>