Editing Mania (section)

==Causes and diagnosis==
Mania is a syndrome with multiple causes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krauthammer |first=Charles |date=1978-11-01 |title=Secondary Mania: Manic Syndromes Associated With Antecedent Physical Illness or Drugs |url=http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770350059005 |journal=Archives of General Psychiatry |language=en |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=1333–1339 |doi=10.1001/archpsyc.1978.01770350059005 |pmid=757997 |issn=0003-990X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although the vast majority of cases occur in the context of [[bipolar disorder]], it is a key component of other psychiatric disorders (such as [[schizoaffective disorder]], [[bipolar type I]]) and may also occur secondary to various general medical conditions, such as [[multiple sclerosis]]; due to certain medications that may perpetuate a manic state (for example [[prednisone]]); or substances prone to abuse, especially stimulants, such as [[amphetamine]] and [[cocaine]]. In the current [[DSM-5]], hypomanic episodes are separated from the more severe full manic episodes, which, in turn, are characterized as either mild, moderate, or severe, with certain diagnostic criteria (e.g., [[catatonia]], [[psychosis]]). There is though a "staging" of manic episodes that can be useful from a descriptive and differential diagnostic point of view.<ref name="American Journal of Medical Genetics">{{cite journal|last1=Coon|first1=Hilary|last2=Hoff|first2=Mark|last3=Holik|first3=John|last4=Byerley|first4=William|date=1995|title=Search for a gene predisposing to manic-depression on chromosome 21|journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics|volume=60|issue=3|pages=231–233|doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320600312|pmid=7573177|ref=130}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adamec |first1=Ivan |last2=Ozretić |first2=David |last3=Habek |first3=Mario |date=2012-11-16 |title=Autonomic dysfunction in multiple sclerosis presenting with postural orthostatic tachycardia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13760-012-0158-2 |journal=Acta Neurologica Belgica |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=337–339 |doi=10.1007/s13760-012-0158-2 |pmid=23160808 |issn=0300-9009}}</ref>

Standardized tools such as [[Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale]]<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Altman E, Hedeker D, Peterson JL, Davis JM | title = A comparative evaluation of three self-rating scales for acute mania | journal = Biol. Psychiatry | volume = 50 | issue = 6 | pages = 468–71 | date = September 2001 | pmid = 11566165 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01065-4 | s2cid = 43857237 }}</ref> and [[Young Mania Rating Scale]]<ref name="YMRS_paper">{{cite journal |vauthors=Young RC, Biggs JT, Ziegler VE, Meyer DA | title = A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity | journal = Br J Psychiatry | volume = 133 | issue = 5 | pages = 429–35 | date = Nov 1978 | pmid = 728692 | doi = 10.1192/bjp.133.5.429 | s2cid = 26479951 }}</ref> can be used to measure severity. Because mania and hypomania have also long been associated with [[Creativity and mental illness|creativity]] and artistic talent,<ref>[[Kay Redfield Jamison|Jamison, Kay R.]] (1996), ''[[Touched with Fire (book)|Touched with Fire]]: Manic-Depressive Illness and the Artistic Temperament'', New York: [[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]], {{ISBN|0-684-83183-X}}</ref> it is not always the case that the clearly manic/hypomanic bipolar patient needs or wants medical help; such persons often either retain sufficient self-control to function normally or are unaware that they have "gone manic" severely enough to [[Involuntary commitment|be committed]] or to [[Voluntary commitment|commit themselves]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-11 |title=Symptoms - Bipolar disorder |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms/ |access-date=2023-12-29 |website=nhs.uk |language=en |archive-date=2023-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229190011/https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Manic persons often can be mistaken for being under the influence of [[drugs]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gleason |first1=Ondria |title=Delirium |journal=American Family Physician |date=Mar 2003 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=200–205 |pmid=2643363 |doi=10.1176/ajp.146.2.200 |url=https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.146.2.200 |access-date=30 September 2021 |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128082158/https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.146.2.200 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>