Editing Manmohan Singh (section)

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh Kohli and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in [[Gah, Pakistan|Gah]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]], into a family of [[Punjabi Sikh]] dried fruit traders of [[Khatri]] background.<ref name="Caravan_2011">{{cite magazine |last1=Jose |first1=Vinod K. |date=1 October 2011 |title=Manmohan Singh at the centre of the storm |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/falling-man |magazine=[[The Caravan]] |access-date=26 December 2024 |quote=Singh was born in 1932 in a village called Gah, about 60 km south of what is now Islamabad; his family were Punjabi traders of the Khatri caste. His father, Gurmukh Singh Kohli, was a small-time dry fruits trader who bought wholesale stock from Afghanistan and resold it in smaller towns in the Punjab. Singh's mother, Amrit Kaur, died when he was only five months old, and he was raised largely by his paternal grandmother, Jamna Devi.}}</ref><ref name="dr mms">{{cite web|title=Detailed Profile: Dr. Manmohan Singh |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |access-date=18 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207031001/http://india.gov.in/govt/rajyasabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=2 |archive-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> His mother died when he was very young.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=PM Manmohan Singh celebrates 77th birthday on board Aircraft |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pm-manmohan-singh-celebrates-77th-birthday-on-board-aircraft/articleshow/5060201.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=26 September 2009 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607064015/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pm-manmohan-singh-celebrates-77th-birthday-on-board-aircraft/articleshow/5060201.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He was raised by his paternal grandmother Jamna Devi, with whom he was very close.<ref name="Caravan_2011"/><ref name=":0" />

Singh was initially educated at a local [[gurdwara]], where he began studying [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]].<ref name="from_600">{{cite news |last=Goyal |first=Divya |date=28 December 2024 |title=From a village 600 km away in Pakistan, a last dua for 'Mohna', the boy who left during Partition |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/last-dua-mohna-village-pakistan-9747681/?ref=hometop_hp |work=Indian Express |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227144724/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/last-dua-mohna-village-pakistan-9747681/ |archive-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> On 17 April 1937, he was enrolled in the local Government Primary School, where he continued his Urdu-medium education until the age of 10 (Class 4), after which he and his family moved to [[Peshawar]].<ref name="Caravan_2011"/><ref name="from_600"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Neerja |date=26 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh: The 'accidental PM' who proved, time and again, that he was no accident |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/manmohan-singh-accidental-pm-proved-9745984/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226172027/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/manmohan-singh-accidental-pm-proved-9745984/ |url-status=live }}</ref> There, Singh was enrolled in the upper-primary Khalsa School.<ref name="from_600"/> He sat for his matriculation examination in the summer of 1947.<ref name="Caravan_2011"/> Even as prime minister years later, Singh wrote his apparently [[Hindi]] speeches in the [[Urdu script]], although sometimes he would also use [[Gurmukhi]], a script used to write Punjabi, his mother tongue.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rawat |first1=Sudeep Singh |date=26 September 2024 |title=Happy Birthday Dr Manmohan Singh; PM Modi, Rahul Gandhi extend best wishes |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/happy-birthday-dr-manmohan-singh-pm-modi-rahul-gandhi-extend-best-wishes-124092600271_1.html |work=Business Standard |access-date=26 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227065802/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/happy-birthday-dr-manmohan-singh-pm-modi-rahul-gandhi-extend-best-wishes-124092600271_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the [[Partition of India]], his family migrated to [[Haldwani]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Swamya |first=M.R. Narayan |date=2 July 2022 |title=Rajeev Shukla Does an Autopsy on What Politics Can Do When Injected With Religion |url=https://thewire.in/books/book-review-scars-of-1947-partition-politics-religion |work=The Wire |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607064011/https://thewire.in/books/book-review-scars-of-1947-partition-politics-religion |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1948 they relocated to [[Amritsar]], where he studied at Hindu College, Amritsar.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=Manmohan Singh Visits Alma Mater In Amritsar, Remembers College Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/70-years-after-graduation-manmohan-singh-remembers-college-days-1828252 |work=NDTV |agency=PTI |date=25 March 2018 |access-date=7 June 2024 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607065750/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/70-years-after-graduation-manmohan-singh-remembers-college-days-1828252 |url-status=live }}</ref> He attended [[Panjab University]], then in [[Hoshiarpur]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.punjabcolleges.com/522-indiacolleges-Government-College-Hoshiarpur/ |title=Government College, Hoshiarpur &#124; Colleges in Hoshiarpur Punjab |publisher=Punjabcolleges.com |access-date=26 September 2011 |archive-date=22 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222065933/https://www.punjabcolleges.com/522-indiacolleges-Government-College-Hoshiarpur/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |title=Three sardars and their Hoshiarpur connection |publisher=Portal.bsnl.in |date=23 March 1932 |access-date=26 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128174157/http://portal.bsnl.in/bsnl/asp/content%20mgmt/html%20content/hotnews/hotnews35448.html |archive-date=28 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712035246/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/hoshiarpur/recent/4 | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 July 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Hoshiarpur}}</ref> Punjab, studying Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first throughout his academic career. He completed his Economics Tripos at [[University of Cambridge]] in 1957. He was a member of [[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]].<ref name=CSIR>{{cite web|title=Curriculum Vitae of Prime Minister of India |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/president/CV-manmohan.HTM |work=CSIR |access-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124024215/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/aboutcsir/leaders/president/CV-manmohan.HTM |archive-date=24 January 2012 }}</ref>

In a 2005 interview with the British journalist [[Mark Tully]], Singh said about his Cambridge days:

{{blockquote|I first became conscious of the creative role of politics in shaping human affairs, and I owe that mostly to my teachers [[Joan Robinson]] and [[Nicholas Kaldor]]. Joan Robinson was a brilliant teacher, but she also sought to awaken the inner conscience of her students in a manner that very few others were able to achieve. She questioned me a great deal and made me think the unthinkable. She propounded the left wing interpretation of Keynes, maintaining that the state has to play more of a role if you really want to combine development with social equity. Kaldor influenced me even more; I found him pragmatic, scintillating, stimulating. Joan Robinson was a great admirer of what was going on in China, but Kaldor used the Keynesian analysis to demonstrate that capitalism could be made to work.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=13290|title=Manmohan Singh – PIB|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924103941/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx%3Frelid%3D13290|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

After Cambridge, Singh returned to India and served as a teacher at [[Panjab University]].<ref name="TULLY">[[Mark Tully]]. "[http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf Architect of the New India]". ''Cambridge Alumni Magazine''. Michaelmas 2005. Retrieved on 28 February 2013. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701144359/http://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/uploads/File/CAMArticles/Michalemas2005/cam_2005_46_profile1.pdf |date=1 July 2013 }}</ref> In 1960, he went to the [[University of Oxford]] for his [[DPhil]], where he was a member of [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]. His 1962 doctoral thesis under the supervision of [[Ian Little (economist)|Ian Little]] was titled "India's export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications", and was later the basis for his book "India's Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |title=Curriculum Vitae |access-date=11 December 2008 |publisher=[[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister's Office]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221094735/http://pmindia.nic.in/cv.pdf |archive-date=21 February 2007 }}</ref>