Editing March 2 (section)

==Events==
===Pre-1600===
* [[537]] &ndash; [[Siege of Rome (537–38)|Siege of Rome]]: The [[Ostrogoths|Ostrogoth]] army under king [[Vitiges]] begins the [[siege]] of the capital. [[Belisarius]] conducts a delaying action outside the [[Piazza del Popolo|Flaminian Gate]]; he and a detachment of his ''[[bucellarii]]'' are almost cut off.<ref>{{cite book|last=Petersen|first=Leif Inge Ree|title=Siege Warfare and Military Organization in the Successor States, 400-800 AD: Byzantium, the West and Islam|location=Leiden|publisher=Brill|date=2013|isbn=9789004251991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BRGaAAAAQBAJ|pages=503–505|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-date=2021-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103130442/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRGaAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[986]] &ndash; [[Louis V of France|Louis V]] becomes the last [[Carolingian dynasty|Carolingian]] king of [[West Francia]] after the death of his father, [[Lothair of France|Lothaire]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Riché|first=Pierre|title=The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe|translator-last=Allen|translator-first=Michael Idomir|location=Philadelphia|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=1993|isbn=9780812230628|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C|page=278|access-date=2021-03-02|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421001031/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tcjy7bCmFL0C|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[1331]] &ndash; Fall of Nicaea to the Ottoman Turks after a [[Siege of Nicaea (1328–1331)|siege]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Norwich, J.J.|author-link=John Julius Norwich|title=Byzantium: The Decline and Fall|publisher=Viking|location=London|year=1995|page=286|isbn=978-0-670-82377-2}}</ref>
*[[1444]] &ndash; [[Skanderbeg]] organizes a group of [[Albanians|Albanian]] nobles to form the [[League of Lezhë]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Frasheri|first=Kristo|title=The History of Albania: A Brief Survey|location=New York|publisher=Tirana|date=1964|oclc=1097794196|page=70}}</ref>
*[[1458]] &ndash; [[George of Poděbrady]] is chosen as the king of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Bretholz|first=Berthold|chapter=Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia Previous to Their Union with Austria in the Year 1562|title=The World's History: A Survey of Man's Record. Volume 5: South-Eastern and Eastern Europe|editor-last=Helmolt|editor-first=Hans F.|location=London|publisher=William Heinemann|date=1907|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6LY4AQAAMAAJ|page=263}}</ref>
*[[1476]] &ndash; [[Burgundian Wars]]: The [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] hands [[Charles the Bold]], Duke of [[Duchy of Burgundy|Burgundy]], a major defeat in the [[Battle of Grandson]] in [[Canton of Neuchâtel]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaughan|first=Richard|title=Charles the Bold: The Last Valois Duke of Burgundy|location=Woodbridge, Suffolk, U.K.|publisher=The Boydell Press|date=2004|isbn=9780851159188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsKuCHXRuPMC&q=Grandson|pages=365–378}}</ref>
*[[1484]] &ndash; The [[College of Arms]] is formally incorporated by [[Royal Charter]] signed by King [[Richard III of England]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|title=The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopedia of Armory|location=London|publisher=T.C. & E.C. Jack|date=1904|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rfhYAAAAYAAJ|page=22}}</ref>
*[[1498]] &ndash; [[Vasco da Gama]]'s fleet visits the [[Island of Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Martin|first=Frederick|title=The Statesman's Year-Book: Historical Companion|editor-last=Paxton|editor-first=John|location=New York|publisher=St. Martin's Press|date=1988|isbn=9780312000479|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu-uCwAAQBAJ|page=182|access-date=2021-03-03|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203234157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Tu-uCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1601–1900===
*[[1657]] &ndash; The [[Great Fire of Meireki]] begins in [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]] (now [[Tokyo]]), Japan, causing more than 100,000 deaths before it exhausts itself three days later.
*[[1776]] &ndash; [[American Revolutionary War]]: [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriot]] militia units attempt to prevent capture of supply ships in and around the [[Savannah River]] by a small fleet of the [[Royal Navy]] in the [[Battle of the Rice Boats]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Cashin|first=Edward J.|title=William Bartram and the American Revolution on the Southern Frontier|location=Columbia, S.C.|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|date=2006|isbn=9781570036859|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgasE-BnX4IC|pages=218–223}}</ref>
*[[1791]] &ndash; [[Claude Chappe]] demonstrates the first [[Optical telegraph|semaphore]] line near Paris.
*[[1797]] &ndash; The [[Bank of England]] [[Bank of England note issues|issues]] the first [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|one-pound]] and [[Banknotes of the pound sterling|two-pound]] [[banknote]]s.
*[[1807]] &ndash; The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] passes the [[Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves]], disallowing the importation of new [[slavery|slaves]] into the country.
*[[1811]] &ndash; [[Argentine War of Independence]]: A [[Spanish Empire|royalist]] fleet defeats a small [[flotilla]] of [[May Revolution|revolutionary]] ships in the [[Battle of San Nicolás]] on the [[Río de la Plata|River Plate]].
*[[1815]] &ndash; Signing of the [[Kandyan Convention]] treaty by British invaders and the leaders of the [[Kingdom of Kandy]].
*[[1836]] &ndash; [[Texas Revolution]]: The [[Texas Declaration of Independence|Declaration of independence]] of the [[Republic of Texas]] from Mexico is adopted.
*[[1855]] &ndash; [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] becomes [[Tsar]] of Russia.
*[[1859]] &ndash; The two-day [[The Great Slave Auction|Great Slave Auction]], once thought to be the largest such auction in [[United States]] history, begins.
*[[1865]] &ndash; [[East Cape War]]: The [[Völkner Incident]] in New Zealand.
*[[1867]] &ndash; The U.S. Congress passes the first [[Reconstruction Act]].
*[[1877]] &ndash; Just two days before inauguration, the U.S. Congress declares [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] the winner of the [[1876 U.S. presidential election]] even though [[Samuel J. Tilden]] had won the popular vote.
*[[1882]] &ndash; [[Queen Victoria]] narrowly escapes an assassination attempt by [[Roderick Maclean]] in Windsor.

===1901–present===
*[[1901]] &ndash; [[U.S. Steel|United States Steel Corporation]] is founded as a result of a merger between [[Carnegie Steel Company]] and [[Federal Steel Company]] which became the first corporation in the world with a market capital over $1 billion.
*  1901   &ndash; The U.S. Congress passes the [[Platt Amendment]] limiting the autonomy of [[Cuba]], as a condition of the withdrawal of American troops.
*[[1903]] &ndash; In New York City the [[Martha Washington Hotel]] opens, becoming the first hotel exclusively for women.
*[[1917]] &ndash; The enactment of the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] grants [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Ricans]] United States citizenship.
*[[1919]] &ndash; The first [[Communist International]] meets in Moscow.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=White |first=James D. |date=1994-01-01 |title=National communism and world revolution: The political consequences of German military withdrawal from the Baltic area in 1918–19 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09668139408412233 |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |volume=46 |issue=8 |pages=1349–1369 |doi=10.1080/09668139408412233 |issn=0966-8136|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
*[[1932]] &ndash; Finnish president [[P. E. Svinhufvud]] gives a radio speech, which four days later finally ends the [[Mäntsälä Rebellion]] and the far-right [[Lapua Movement]] that started it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/artikkelit/mantsalan_kapina_kukistettiin_radion_avulla_7041.html#media=7046|title=Mäntsälän kapina kukistettiin radion avulla|work=Elävä Arkisto|date=15 March 2010 |publisher=[[YLE]]|access-date=May 24, 2021|language=fi|archive-date=January 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113103057/http://yle.fi/elavaarkisto/artikkelit/mantsalan_kapina_kukistettiin_radion_avulla_7041.html#media=7046|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://www.vapaussota.fi/svinhufvud/puhe3.html P. E. Svinhufvud – Tasavallan presidentin julistus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303022441/https://www.vapaussota.fi/svinhufvud/puhe3.html |date=2021-03-03 }} (in Finnish)</ref>
*[[1933]] &ndash; The film ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'' premieres in [[Radio City Music Hall]] and [[RKO Roxy Theatre|RKO Roxy]] in [[New York City]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lasky |first=Betty |title=RKO, the biggest little major of them all |date=1984 |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-781451-0 |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J}}</ref>
*[[1937]] &ndash; The [[Steel Workers Organizing Committee]] signs a [[collective bargaining]] agreement with [[U.S. Steel]], leading to unionization of the United States [[steel]] industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1939-03-03 |title=STRIKE IS AVERTED; Company Grants Same Benefits to Employe Representatives |language=en |work=The New York Times |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1937/03/03/94342478.html |access-date=2023-03-01}}</ref>
*[[1939]] &ndash; [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] Eugenio Pacelli is [[1939 papal conclave|elected]] Pope and takes the name [[Pope Pius XII|Pius XII]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cianfarra |first=Camille M. |date=1939-03-03 |title=HAILED BY THRONGS; SCENES IN VATICAN CITY YESTERDAY AS EUGENIO CARDINAL PACELLI WAS ELECTED 262D POPE |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1939/03/03/archives/hailed-by-throngs-scenes-in-vatican-city-yesterday-as-eugenio.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1941]] &ndash; [[World War II]]: First German military units enter Bulgaria [[Military history of Bulgaria during World War II|after it joins the Axis Pact]].
*[[1943]] &ndash; World War II: During the [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]] Allied aircraft defeated a Japanese attempt to ship troops to New Guinea.
*[[1949]] &ndash; [[Captain (U.S. Air Force)|Captain]] James Gallagher lands his [[B-50 Superfortress]] ''[[Lucky Lady II]]'' in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight in 94 hours and one minute.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waggoner |first=Walter H. |date=1949-03-03 |title=FIRST IN HISTORY; High Officials Greet the Plane as It Ends Hop at Fort Worth |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/03/archives/first-in-history-high-officials-greet-the-plane-as-it-ends-hop-at.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1955]] &ndash; [[Norodom Sihanouk]], king of [[Cambodia]], abdicates the throne in favor of his father, [[Norodom Suramarit]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1955-03-03 |title=Cambodian King Abdicates Throne in Favor of Father; King of Cambodia Quits Throne; Turns Rule Over to His Father |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |agency=Reuters |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/03/03/archives/cambodian-king-abdicates-throne-in-favor-of-father-king-of-cambodia.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1962]] &ndash; In [[Myanmar|Burma]], the army led by General [[Ne Win]] seizes power in a ''[[1962 Burmese coup d'état|coup d'état]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1962-03-03 |title=Junta of 17 Is Governing Burma; Gen. Ne Win Defends Army Coup; Junta of 17 rules Burma after coup |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/03/03/archives/junta-of-17-is-governing-burma-gen-ne-win-defends-army-coup-junta.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*  1962   &ndash; [[Wilt Chamberlain]] sets the single-game scoring record in the [[National Basketball Association]] by [[Wilt Chamberlain's 100-point game|scoring 100 points]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berkow |first=Ira |date=2002-07-02 |title=PRO BASKETBALL; A Footnote To History After 40 Years |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/02/sports/pro-basketball-a-footnote-to-history-after-40-years.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1965]] &ndash; The [[United States Air Force|US]] and [[Republic of Vietnam Air Force]] begin [[Operation Rolling Thunder]], a sustained bombing campaign against [[North Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheehan |first=Neil |date=1971-06-15 |title=Vietnam Archive: Study Tells How Johnson Secretly Opened Way to Ground Combat |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/06/15/archives/vietnam-archive-study-tells-how-johnson-secretly-opened-way-to.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1968]] &ndash; [[Baggeridge Colliery]] closes marking the end of over 300 years of [[coal mining]] in the [[Black Country]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk/articles/baggeridge2.htm |title=Closing of Baggeridge |access-date=2017-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719020401/http://www.blackcountrysociety.co.uk/articles/baggeridge2.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[1969]] &ndash; In [[Toulouse]], France, the first test flight of the Anglo-French [[Concorde]] is conducted.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Witkin |first=Richard |date=1969-03-03 |title=Supersonic Concorde Airliner Successful in 28-Minute Maiden Flight; Concorde Makes a Successful 28-Minute Flight |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1969/03/03/archives/supersonic-concorde-airliner-successful-in-28minute-maiden-flight.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1970]] &ndash; [[Rhodesia]] declares itself a [[republic]], breaking its last links with the British crown.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1970-03-03 |title=Rhodesia's First Day As a Republic Passes Quietly |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/03/03/archives/rhodesias-first-day-as-a-republic-passes-quietly.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1972]] &ndash; The [[Pioneer 10]] space probe is launched from [[Cape Canaveral]], [[Florida]] with a mission to explore the outer [[planet]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1972-03-03 |title=Pioneer 10 begins flight to Jupiter |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/03/03/archives/pioneer-10-begins-flight-10-jupiter.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1977]] &ndash; [[Libya]] becomes the [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] as the [[General People's Congress (Libya)|General People's Congress]] adopted the "[[Declaration on the Establishment of the Authority of the People]]".<ref>{{Cite news |date=1977-03-04 |title=Libya Reorganizes Government, Alters Its Title to 'Public' |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/03/04/archives/libya-reorganizes-government-alters-its-title-to-public.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1978]] &ndash; [[Czechoslovakia|Czech]] [[Vladimír Remek]] becomes the first non-Russian or non-American to go into [[outer space|space]], when he is launched aboard [[Soyuz 28]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=1978-03-03 |title=Czech Is Orbited With Russian for Salyut Rendezvous |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/03/archives/new-jersey-pages-czech-is-orbited-with-russian-for-salyut.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*  1978   &ndash; The late iconic actor [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s coffin is stolen from his grave in Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The time Charlie Chaplin's corpse went missing |url=https://lwlies.com/articles/charlie-chaplin-body-stolen-1978/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Little White Lies |language=en |archive-date=2021-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305070418/https://lwlies.com/articles/charlie-chaplin-body-stolen-1978/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[1983]] &ndash; [[Compact disc]]s and players are released for the first time in the United States and other markets.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Troy |first1=Gil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73BMCAAAQBAJ&dq=compact+discs+%22march+2%2C+1983%22&pg=PT13 |title=Living in the Eighties |last2=Cannato |first2=Vincent J. |date=2009-10-22 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-029323-9 |language=en}}</ref> They had previously been available only in Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyce |first=Caroline Mimbs |date=2016-03-02 |title=When CDs Launched in America |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/march-1983-cds-launch-in-america/624802/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=The Atlantic |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1986]] &ndash; [[Aeroflot Flight F-77]] crashes near [[Bugulma Airport]], killing all 38 people aboard.<ref name="B3A">{{cite web |title=Crash of an Antonov AN-24B in Bugulma: 38 killed |url=https://www.baaa-acro.com/crash/crash-antonov-24b-bugulma-38-killed |website=B3A Archives}}</ref>
*[[1989]] &ndash; Twelve [[European Community]] nations agree to ban the production of all [[chlorofluorocarbon]]s (CFCs) by the end of the century.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Whitney |first=Craig R. |date=1989-03-03 |title=12. Europe nations to ban chemicals that harm Ozone |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/03/world/12-europe-nations-to-ban-chemicals-that-harm-ozone.html |access-date=2023-03-01 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
*[[1990]] &ndash; [[Nelson Mandela]] is elected deputy president of the [[African National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 1990 |title=Mandela elected ANC deputy president |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/03/03/mandela-elected-anc-deputy-president/ |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref>
*[[1991]] &ndash; Establishment of [[Kuwait Democratic Forum]], center-left political organization in [[Kuwait]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=taleea |date=2016-03-08 |title=25 عاما على تأسيس المنبر الديمقراطي.. الأمين العام بندر الخيران: فكرة "المنبر" جاءت في ظروف سياسية صعبة وغياب سيادة الدولة |url=https://altaleea.com/?p=16585 |access-date=2022-05-15 |website=جريدة الطليعة |language=ar}}</ref>
*1991 &ndash; Battle at [[Rumaila oil field]] brings an end to the [[Gulf War|1991 Gulf War]].
*[[1992]] &ndash; Start of the [[Transnistria War|war in Transnistria]].
*  1992   &ndash; [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Moldova]], [[San Marino]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]], all of which (except San Marino) were former [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]], join the [[United Nations]].
*[[1995]] &ndash; Researchers at [[Fermilab]] announce the discovery of the [[top quark]].
*1995   &ndash; [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Space Shuttle ''Endeavour'']] launches from the [[Kennedy Space Center]] on [[STS-67]], carrying the ASTRO-2 [[spacelab]] observatory.<ref name="NASA02">{{Cite web |date= |title=STS-67 Mission Archive |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-67.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029004712/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/archives/sts-67.html |archive-date=2009-10-29 |access-date=2012-01-02 |website=NASA}}</ref>
*[[1998]] &ndash; Data sent from the [[Galileo spacecraft]] indicates that [[Jupiter]]'s moon [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] has a liquid ocean under a thick crust of ice.
*[[2002]] &ndash; [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|U.S. invasion of Afghanistan]]: [[Operation Anaconda]] begins, (ending on [[March 19]] after killing 500 [[Taliban]] and [[al-Qaeda]] fighters, with 11 Western troop fatalities).
*[[2004]] &ndash; [[Iraq War|War in Iraq]]: [[Al-Qaeda]] carries out the [[Ashoura Massacre]] in [[Iraq]], killing 170 and wounding over 500.
*[[2006]] &ndash; In [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]], a man identified as Diego Santoy Riveroll committed a double murder against two children, followed by an attempted murder of his ex-partner, Erika. The incident is popularly known as the [[Cumbres case]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cronica.com.mx/nacional/asesino-cumbres-doble-crimen-cimbro-mexico.html|title=El Asesino de Cumbres: el doble crimen que cimbró a México|date=2023-01-28|access-date=2024-09-04|website=Cronica|language=es}}</ref>
*[[2012]] &ndash; A [[Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012|tornado outbreak]] occurs over a large section of the Southern United States and into the [[Ohio Valley]] region, resulting in 40 tornado-related fatalities.
*[[2017]] &ndash; The elements [[Moscovium]], [[Tennessine]], and [[Oganesson]] are officially added to the [[periodic table]] at a conference in [[Moscow|Moscow, Russia]].
*[[2022]] &ndash; Russian forces [[Battle of Kherson|capture the city of Kherson]] during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], which subsequently began the start of the [[Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast|Russian occupation and military-civilian administration]] in [[Kherson]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Schwirtz |first1=Michael |last2=Pérez-Peña |first2=Richard |date=2022-03-02 |title=First Ukraine City Falls as Russia Strikes More Civilian Targets |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/kherson-ukraine-russia.html |access-date=2022-03-03 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=3 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303000108/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/02/world/europe/kherson-ukraine-russia.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kherson is the only regional capital in Ukraine that Russia captured.