Editing Marshall Amplification (section)

==History==

=== Origins ===
[[File:J&T.Marshall firstshop.jpeg|thumb|Site of Jim Marshall's first shop at 76 [[Uxbridge Road]], [[Hanwell]], west London, now a men's barber]]
After a successful career as a drummer and teacher of drum technique, [[Jim Marshall (businessman)|Jim Marshall]] first went into business in 1962 with a small shop in [[Hanwell]], west London, selling drums, [[cymbal]]s and drum-related accessories; Marshall himself also gave drum lessons. According to Jim, [[Ritchie Blackmore]], [[Big Jim Sullivan]] and [[Pete Townshend]] were the three main guitarists who often came into the shop. They pushed Marshall to make guitar amplifiers and told him the sound and design they wanted.<ref name="Premier">{{Cite web |website=Premier Guitar |url=http://www.premierguitar.com/archive/interviews/jim_marshall.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213053331/http://www.premierguitar.com/archive/interviews/jim_marshall.htm |url-status=dead |title=Marshall Amplification |archive-date=13 December 2010}}</ref> Marshall Limited then expanded, hired designers and started making guitar amplifiers to compete with existing amplifiers, the most notable of which at the time were the [[Fender Musical Instruments Corporation|Fender]] amplifiers imported from the United States.

===Production===
{{quotebox|quote=I believe it was something people were discovering all over London. These big amps that Marshall were turning out — you couldn't stop the guitars feeding back!|width=17%|align=left|source=[[Pete Townshend]] of [[The Who]] [https://www.guitarplayer.com/guitarists/pete-townshend-on-using-feedback-1990]}}
The company first began making amplifiers to provide an alternative to expensive, American-made [[Fender (company)|Fender]] amps, releasing their first model, the [[Fender Bassman|Bassman]]-inspired [[Marshall JTM45|JTM45]], in 1963.  Following complaints over limitations in amp volume and tone from visitors to Jim Marshall's drum shop, notably [[Pete Townshend]], guitarist for [[The Who]],<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/apr/05/jim-marshall-amp-dies-88 |title=Jim Marshall, creator of the Marshall amp, dies aged 88 |work=The Guardian  |first=Michael |last=Hann |date=5 April 2012 |access-date=5 April 2012}}</ref> Marshall began developing louder, 100-watt amplifiers.  These early amps were characterized in part by their [[Plexiglass]] control plates, leading to models such as the [[Marshall 1959|1959 Super Lead]] (released in 1965) being popularly known as "Plexis."  Their adoption by guitarists like Townshend, [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Eric Clapton]], and [[Jimmy Page]] helped establish the brand's legacy. Further development led to the [[Marshall JCM800|JCM800]] series in 1981, which was widely adopted by the hard rock and metal community, while the brand celebrated its 25 years of making amps by releasing the Silver Jubiliee in 1987. Marshall updated the JCM lineup in the 1990s (JCM900) and 2000s (JCM2000) and developed new amp lines, like the DSL and JVM models.

Many of the current and reissue Marshall amps continue to use [[vacuum tube|valves]] (tubes) rather than [[transistor]]s, as is common in this market sector.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.guitarplayer.com/gear/tube-amp-vs-solid-state-amp |last=Blenkinsop |first=Richard |title=Tube Amps Vs Solid State Amps: What's The Difference? |website=Guitar Player |date=3 February 2022 |access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> Marshall Amplification also manufactures [[Solid-state amplifier|solid-state]], hybrid ([[Valve amplifier|vacuum tube]] and solid state) and [[Amplifier modeling|modelling amplifiers]].

===Distribution deal===
Marshall entered into a 15-year distribution deal with British company Rose-Morris during 1965, which gave him the capital to expand his manufacturing operations, though it would prove to be costly. In retrospect, Marshall admitted the Rose-Morris deal was "the biggest mistake I ever made. Rose-Morris hadn't a clue, really. For export, they added 55% onto my price, which pretty much priced us out of the world market for a long time."<ref>History of Marshall from Guitar World Magazine, September 2002, page 84</ref>

===Park amplification===
The new contract had disenfranchised several of Marshall's former distributors, among them his old friend Johnny Jones. Marshall's contract did not prevent him from building amplifiers outside the company, and so Marshall launched the '''Park''' brand name, inspired by the maiden name of Jones's wife.<ref name=pittman>{{cite book|last=Pittman|first=Aspen|title=The Tube Amp Book|year=2003|publisher=Hal Leonard|isbn=978-0-87930-767-7|pages=76–77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JT1I7Ld76YsC&pg=PA77}}</ref> To comply  with his contract stipulations, these amplifiers had minor circuit changes compared to the regular Marshalls, and minor changes to the appearance. For instance, often the Parks had silver or black front panels instead of the Marshall's gold ones, some of the enclosures were taller or shaped differently, and controls were laid out and labelled differently.<ref name=parkhunter>{{cite news|title=The Park 75|last=Hunter|first=Dave|work=[[Vintage Guitar (magazine)|Vintage Guitar]]|pages=52–54|date=July 2013}}</ref>

Starting in early 1965, Park produced a number of amplifiers including a 45-watt head. Most of these had Marshall layout and components, though some unusual amplifiers were made, such as a 75 watt keyboard amplifier with [[KT88]] tubes. A 2×12-inch combo had the option of sending the first channel into the second, probably inspired by Marshall users doing the same trick with a jumper cable.<ref name=pittman /> The 1972 Park 75 put out about 100 watts by way of two KT88s, whereas the comparable 50-watt [[Marshall JTM 45|Model 1987]] of that time used 2 [[EL34]] tubes.<ref name=parkhunter />

In 1982, Park came to an end, though Marshall later revived the brand for some transistor amplifiers made in Asia.<ref name=pittman /> The Parks made from the mid-1960s to around 1974 (the "golden years"), with point-to-point wiring – rumoured to be "a little hotter" than regular Marshalls – fetch higher prices than comparable "real" Marshalls from the same period.<ref name=parkhunter />

=== Competition from American amplifier companies ===
Marshall began to see more competition from American amplifier companies such as [[Mesa Boogie]] and [[Soldano Custom Amplification|Soldano]]. Marshall then updated the JCM800 range with additional models and new features such as "channel switching", which meant that players could switch between clean and distorted tones with the push of a foot-operated switch. This feature debuted in the 2205 (50 watt) and 2210 (100 watt) series and these amplifiers contained more preamplifier gain than ever thanks to a new innovation; diode [[Clipping (audio)|clipping]]. This meant a solid-state diode added additional distortion to the signal path, akin to adding a distortion pedal. As such the split channel JCM800s were the highest gain Marshalls yet built – "When they were first released, many players were shocked (some were even put off) by its bright, intense distortion – far more than any other amp of the day."<ref name=Nichols />{{page needed|date=November 2022}} While hotly criticised today among valve purists, these amps were more popular than ever, finding mass acceptance within the hard rock community and still in use today by many. The split-channel JCM800s are still used by Tom Morello (Rage Against the Machine, Audioslave) and were played exclusively by Michael Schenker (UFO) for many years.

Marshall around this time began further experiments with [[Solid state (electronics)|solid-state]] amplifiers, which were increasingly improving in quality due to technological innovations but were still considered beginner level equipment. Regardless, solid-state product lines with the Marshall name on them were and still are a wild (if critically discounted) success for the company, allowing entry level guitarists to play the same brand of amplifier as their heroes. One particularly successful entry-level solid-state Marshall was the Lead 12/Reverb 12 combo series, which featured a preamplifier section very similar to a JCM800, and a particularly sweet-sounding output section. These amps were actually used on record by [[Billy Gibbons]] of [[ZZ Top]], and are now in some demand.

===Solid-state amplifiers===

Marshall's "Valvestate" amplifiers contained a hybrid of valve and solid-state technology. Currently named the "AVT series" (although these are now out of production, being replaced with the "AVT tribute" for a short time), there are a number of different models, all of which are less expensive than their all-valve counterparts. It is Marshall's current line of "hybrid" amplifier, featuring a 12AX7 preamplifier valve employed in the preamplifier (to "warm up" the signal) as well as solid-state components, with a solid-state power amplifier. These are considered and marketed as intermediate-level equipment to bridge the gap between the higher valve range and lower range MG series.

In January 2009, Marshall released their latest variant of the MG line of practice amplifiers. Replacing the MG3 line, the MG4 has been designed to offer the guitarist a whole host of features whilst keeping the control of the amplifier simple.

===Other Marshall brand names===
[[File:Wall of Marshall Fridge !!!! - Musikmesse Frankfurt 2013 (2013-04-11 13.37.43 by Dave Kobrehel).jpg|thumb|Wall of Marshall Fridge: refrigerator products using Marshall <!-- Amplification --> brand.<ref name=marshalfridge>{{cite web |title = Marshall Fridge |url = http://marshallfridge.com/ |publisher = XMC Branded Products Inc. |location=Toronto, Canada }}</ref>]]

Other brand names Marshall Amplification had used for various business reasons included '''Big M''' (for the then-West German market), '''Kitchen/Marshall''' (for the Kitchen Music retail chain in North London), '''Narb''' (Ken Bran's surname spelled backwards) and '''CMI''' (Cleartone Musical Instruments). Amplifiers sold under these brand names are quite rare, and sell to collectors at high prices.<ref>History of Marshall from Guitar World Magazine, September 2002, page 86</ref>

===Model number confusion===
Occasionally confusion has arisen due to Marshall's method of naming each amplifier model, especially during its first few decades, when it was distributed under Rose-Morris. Early amplifier models were simply named after their catalogue number, so for example the 1962 Bluesbreaker was item one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-two in the Rose-Morris catalogue. Later amplifiers were given range designations as well as model numbers, which often indicated information about the amplifier itself, for example the JCM2000 range of amplifiers had models such as the TSL100 (Triple Super Lead 100&nbsp;W) and combo amplifiers like the TSL122 (Triple Super Lead with 2×12-inch [[Celestion]] speakers) other product ranges use similar descriptive model numbers. Often, speaker cabinets designed to suit a particular range will give a prefix before the speaker description such as JVMC212 (JVM cabinet 2×12-inch [[Celestion]] speakers) or a suffix C to denote a combo variant of an amplifier such as the Vintage Modern 2266C (Vintage Modern 2 channel 2× KT66 valves Combo).

===Blackstar===
In 2007, a group of Marshall employees broke away to start [[Blackstar Amplification]].