Editing Mathematical morphology (section)

== History ==
Mathematical Morphology was developed in 1964 by the collaborative work of [[Georges Matheron]] and [[Jean Serra]], at the ''[[École des Mines de Paris]]'', [[France]]. Matheron supervised the [[PhD]] [[thesis]] of Serra, devoted to the quantification of mineral characteristics from thin [[Cross section (geometry)|cross section]]s, and this work resulted in a novel practical approach, as well as theoretical advancements in [[integral geometry]] and [[topology]].

In 1968, the ''[[Centre de Morphologie Mathématique]]'' was founded by the École des Mines de Paris in [[Fontainebleau]], France, led by Matheron and Serra.

During the rest of the 1960s and most of the 1970s, MM dealt essentially with [[binary image]]s, treated as [[Set (mathematics)|sets]], and generated a large number of [[binary operator]]s and techniques: [[Hit-or-miss transform]], [[Dilation (morphology)|dilation]], [[Erosion (morphology)|erosion]], [[opening (morphology)|opening]], [[closing (morphology)|closing]], [[Granulometry (morphology)|granulometry]], [[Hit-or-miss transform#Thinning|thinning]], [[Topological skeleton|skeletonization]], [[ultimate erosion]], [[conditional bisector]], and others. A random approach was also developed, based on novel image models. Most of the work in that period was developed in Fontainebleau.

From the mid-1970s to mid-1980s, MM was generalized to [[grayscale]] functions and [[image]]s as well. Besides extending the main concepts (such as dilation, erosion, etc.) to functions, this generalization yielded new operators, such as [[Morphological Gradient|morphological gradients]], [[top-hat transform]] and the [[Watershed (algorithm)|Watershed]] (MM's main [[Segmentation (image processing)|segmentation]] approach).

In the 1980s and 1990s, MM gained a wider recognition, as research centers in several countries began to adopt and investigate the method. MM started to be applied to a large number of imaging problems and applications, especially in the field of non-linear filtering of noisy images.

In 1986, Serra further generalized MM, this time to a theoretical framework based on [[complete lattice]]s. This generalization brought flexibility to the theory, enabling its application to a much larger number of structures, including color images, video, [[Graph (discrete mathematics)|graphs]], [[Mesh (mathematics)|mesh]]es, etc. At the same time, Matheron and Serra also formulated a theory for morphological [[Filter (mathematics)|filtering]], based on the new lattice framework.

The 1990s and 2000s also saw further theoretical advancements, including the concepts of ''[[connection (morphology)|connections]]'' and ''[[leveling (morphology)|levelings]]''.

In 1993, the first International Symposium on Mathematical Morphology (ISMM) took place in [[Barcelona]], Spain. Since then, ISMMs are organized every 2–3 years: Fontainebleau, France (1994); [[Atlanta]], USA (1996); [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands (1998); [[Palo Alto|Palo Alto, CA]], USA (2000); [[Sydney]], Australia (2002); [[Paris]], France (2005); [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (2007); [[Groningen (city)|Groningen]], Netherlands (2009); Intra ([[Verbania]]), Italy (2011); [[Uppsala]], Sweden (2013); [[Reykjavík]], Iceland (2015); Fontainebleau, France (2017); and [[Saarbrücken]], Germany (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Symposium on Mathematical Morphology and Its Applications to Signal and Image Processing |url=https://link.springer.com/conference/ismm |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=link.springer.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== References ===

* "Introduction" by Pierre Soille, in ([[#serra94|Serra ''et al.'' (Eds.) 1994]]), pgs. 1-4.
* "Appendix A: The 'Centre de Morphologie Mathématique', an overview" by Jean Serra, in ([[#serra94|Serra ''et al.'' (Eds.) 1994]]), pgs. 369-374.
*"Foreword" in ([[#ronse05|Ronse ''et al.'' (Eds.) 2005]])