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== History == [[File:Nut and Lentil Roast.png|thumb|A nut and lentil roast from the ''[[Good Health (journal)|Good Health]]'' journal, in 1902]] [[File:Protose advert 1900.png|thumb|Advert for John Harvey Kellogg's Protose meat substitute, 1900]] [[File:Beyond Meat.jpg|thumb|The vegan Beyond Burger from [[Beyond Meat]]]] [[File:Impossible Burger - Gott's Roadside- 2018 - Stierch.jpg|alt=|thumb|Cheeseburger made with a vegan patty from [[Impossible Foods|Impossible Burger]] ]] [[Tofu]], a meat alternative made from soybeans, was invented in China during the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC–220 CE).<ref name=soy /> Drawings of tofu production have been discovered in a Han dynasty tomb.<ref name=soy>{{cite book|last1=DuBois|first1=Christine|last2=Tan|first2=Chee-Beng|last3=Mintz|first3=Sidney|title=The World of Soy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tW6fjds6YwkC&pg=PA101|year=2008|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|isbn=978-9971-69-413-5|pages=101–102}}</ref><ref name="ShurtleffAoyagi2014">{{cite book|author1=[[William Shurtleff]]|author2=[[Akiko Aoyagi]]|title=History of Meat Alternatives (965 CE to 2014): Extensively Annotated Bibliography and Sourcebook|url=https://www.soyinfocenter.com/pdf/179/MAL.pdf|date=18 December 2014|publisher=Soyinfo Center|isbn=978-1-928914-71-6}}</ref> Its use as a meat alternative is recorded in a document written by Tao Gu ({{zh|s=陶谷|t=陶穀|p=Táo Gǔ}}, 903–970). Tao describes how tofu was popularly known as "small [[mutton]]" ({{zh|t=小宰羊|p=xiǎo zǎiyáng}}), which shows that the Chinese valued tofu as an imitation meat.<ref name=soy /> Tofu was widely consumed during the [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907), and likely spread to Japan during the later Tang or early [[Song dynasty]].<ref name=soy /> In the third century CE, [[Athenaeus]] describes a preparation of mock [[anchovy]] in his work ''[[Deipnosophistae]]'':<ref>{{Cite book|last=Athenaeus|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/36921|title=Deipnosophistae|location=[[Project Gutenberg]]|pages=11}}</ref> {{poemquote|He took a female turnip, shred it fine Into the figure of the delicate fish; Then did he pour on oil and savoury salt With careful hand in due proportion. On that he strew'd twelve grains of poppy seed, Food which the Scythians love; then boil'd it all. And when the turnip touch'd the royal lips, Thus spake the king to the admiring guests: "A cook is quite as useful as a poet, And quite as wise, and these anchovies show it."}} [[Wheat gluten (food)|Wheat gluten]] has been documented in China since the sixth century.<ref name="sah">{{cite book | last1=Shurtleff| first1=William| last2=Aoyagi| first2=Akiko| last3=Huang| first3=H.T.| title=History of Soybeans and Soyfoods in China and Taiwan, and in Chinese Cookbooks, Restaurants, and Chinese Work with Soyfoods Outside China (1024 BCE to 2014)| year=2014| publisher=Soyinfo Center| isbn=978-1-928914-68-6|pages=2478–2479}}</ref> The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in the ''[[Qimin Yaoshu]]'', a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie ({{lang-zh|c=賈思勰|p=Jiǎsīxié}}) in 535.<ref name=soy /> The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called ''bo duo''.<ref name="sah"/> Wheat gluten was known as ''mian jin'' ({{lang-zh|c=麵筋|p=Miànjīn}}) by the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279). Before the arrival of [[Buddhism]], northern China was predominantly a meat-consuming culture. The vegetarian dietary laws of Buddhism led to development of meat substitutes as a replacement for the meat-based dishes that the Chinese were no longer able to consume as Buddhists. Meat alternatives such as tofu and wheat gluten are still associated with [[Buddhist cuisine]] in China and other parts of East Asia.<ref name=ftp>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=E.N.|title=Food in Time and Place|year=2014|publisher=University of California Press|chapter=China|isbn=978-0-520-95934-7|page=44}}</ref> Meat alternatives were also popular in [[medieval Europe]] during [[Lent]], which prohibited the consumption of warm-blooded animals, eggs, and dairy products. Chopped almonds and grapes were used as a substitute for mincemeat. Diced bread was made into imitation [[Pork rind|cracklings]] and [[Rendering (animal products)|greaves]].<ref name=med>{{cite book|last=Adamson|first=Melitta Weiss|title=Food in Medieval Times|year=2004|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32147-4|page=72}}</ref> [[John Harvey Kellogg]] developed meat replacements variously from nuts, grains, and soy, starting around 1877, to feed patients in his vegetarian [[Battle Creek Sanitarium]].<ref name="Soyinfocenter">{{cite web|url=http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/john_kellogg_and_battle_creek_foods.php|title=Dr. John Harvey Kellogg and Battle Creek Foods|website=www.soyinfocenter.com}}</ref> Kellogg's Sanitas Nut Food Company sold his meat substitute Protose, made from peanuts and wheat gluten. It became Kellogg's most popular product as several thousand tons had been consumed by 1930.<ref name="Soyinfocenter"/> There was an increased interest in meat substitutes during the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century.<ref name="Perren 2017">Perren, Richard. (2017). ''Taste, Trade and Technology: The Development of the International Meat Industry Since 1840''. Routledge. pp. 188–190. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3648-9}}</ref> Prior to 1950, interest in plant-based meat substitutes came from vegetarians searching for alternatives to meat protein for ethical reasons, and regular meat-eaters who were confronted with food shortages during [[World War I]] and [[World War II]].<ref name="Perren 2017"/> Lentils were used at the turn of the century. In 1897, ''[[Food, Home and Garden]]'' published a positive review of London's [[List of vegetarian restaurants|vegetarian restaurants]], claiming, "For fivepence one could get a lentil cutlet, which was very appetizing, and looked like a meat [[croquette]]".<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JlXAAAAMAAJ&q=looked%20like%20a%20meat%20cro |title=Food, Home and Garden |date=1897 |language=en}}</ref> [[Henrietta Latham Dwight]] authored a vegetarian cookbook, ''The Golden Age Cook-Book'', in 1898 that included meat substitute recipes such as a "mock chicken" recipe made from breadcrumbs, eggs, lemon juice and walnuts and a "mock clam soup" made from marrowfat beans and cream.<ref name="Shprintzen 2013">Shprintzen, Adam D. (2013). ''The Vegetarian Crusade: The Rise of an American Reform Movement, 1817-1921''. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 137–138. {{ISBN|978-1-4696-0891-4}}</ref> Dietitian [[Sarah Tyson Rorer]] authored the cookbook ''Mrs. Rorer's Vegetable Cookery and Meat Substitutes'' in 1909.<ref name="Shprintzen 2013"/> The book includes a mock veal roast recipe made from lentils, breadcrumbs and peanuts.<ref name="Shprintzen 2013"/> In 1943, Kellogg made his first soy-based meat analog, called Soy Protose, which contained 32% soy.<ref name="Soyinfocenter"/> In 1945, [[Mildred Lager]] commented that [[soybean]]s "are the best meat substitute from the vegetable kingdom, they will always be used to a great extent by the vegetarian in place of meat."<ref>Lager, Mildred M. (1945). ''The Useful Soybean: A Plus Factor in Modern Living''. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 95</ref> In July 2016, [[Impossible Foods]] launched the Impossible Burger, a beef substitute which claims to offer appearance, taste and cooking properties similar to meat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reilly|first=Michael|date=22 June 2016|title=Fake meat companies might finally cure our addiction to animal flesh|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601756/if-the-world-gives-up-meat-we-can-still-have-burgers|access-date=2016-07-28|publisher=[[Technology Review]]}}</ref> In April 2019, [[Burger King]] partnered with Impossible Foods to launch the plant-based [[Impossible Whopper]], which was released nationwide later that year,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Popper|first=Nathaniel|date=1 April 2019|title=Behold the Beefless 'Impossible Whopper'|website=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/01/technology/burger-king-impossible-whopper.html|access-date=2019-04-03}}</ref> becoming one of the most successful product launches in Burger King's history.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chiorando|first=Marie|date=17 November 2019|title=Impossible Whopper Is 'One Of Burger King's Most Successful Launches In History'|url=https://www.plantbasednews.org/lifestyle/impossible-whopper-burger-kings-most-successful-launches|access-date=7 February 2020|website=www.plantbasednews.org}}</ref> By October 2019, restaurants, such as [[Carl's Jr.]], [[Hardee's]], [[A&W Restaurants|A&W]], [[Dunkin' Donuts]], and [[KFC]] were selling plant-based meat products.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rivera|first=Dane|date=22 October 2019|title=All The Major Fast Food Chains And Markets Selling Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods|url=https://uproxx.com/life/chains-serving-impossible-burger-beyond-meat/|access-date=10 January 2020|work=Uproxx}}</ref> [[Nestlé]] entered the plant-based burger market in 2019 with the introduction of the "Awesome Burger".<ref>{{cite news|last=Wiener-Bronner|first=Danielle|date=24 September 2019|title=The Awesome Burger is Nestlé's answer to the plant-based meat craze|work=CNN Business|publisher=Cable News Network|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/24/business/nestle-awesome-burger-plant-based-meat/index.html|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref> Kellogg's [[Morningstar Farms]] brand tested its Incogmeato line of plant-based protein products in early September 2019, with plans for a US-wide rollout in early 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chung|first=Heidi|date=12 February 2020|title=Food giant Kellogg's unveils 'Incogmeato' plant-based products|work=Yahoo! Finance|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/kelloggs-incogmeato-plantbased-meat-products-look-to-challenge-beyond-meat-201241228.html}}</ref>
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