Editing Medieval architecture (section)

==Styles==
===Pre-Romanesque===
{{Main article|Pre-Romanesque art and architecture}}

[[File:Santa María del Naranco, Oviedo edited.jpg|thumb|The church of [[Santa María del Naranco]], originally a palace, built in the pre-Romanesque [[Asturian architecture|Asturian]] style.]]

The pre-Romanesque period lasted from the beginning of the Middle Ages (around 500 AD) to the emergence of the Romanesque style (from the 10th century). Much of the notable architecture from the period comes from France and Germany, under the [[Merovingian art and architecture|Merovingians]] and the [[Carolingian architecture|Carolingians]] and the [[Ottonian architecture|Ottonians]]. Other regions also have examples of architecture from this period, including [[Croatian pre-Romanesque art and architecture|Croatia]], [[Anglo-Saxon architecture|England]] and [[Iberian pre-Romanesque art and architecture|Iberia]] (especially in [[Asturian architecture|Asturias]] and [[Mozarabic art and architecture|León]]). In Lombardy, the pre-Romanesque style included many Romanesque features and is therefore known as the [[First Romanesque]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Romanesque |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000072835 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Grove Art Online |date=2003 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T072835 |last1=Fernie |first1=Eric |last2=Lyman |first2=Thomas W. |last3=Hicks |first3=Carola |last4=Baylé |first4=Maylis |last5=Tcherikover |first5=Anat |last6=Camus |first6=M. T. |last7=Johnson |first7=Danielle Valin |last8=Stratford |first8=Neil |last9=Borg |first9=Alan |last10=Moralejo |first10=S. |last11=d'Emilio |first11=James |last12=Dias |first12=Pedro |last13=Johnson |first13=Faith |last14=West |first14=Jeffrey |last15=Thurlby |first15=Malcolm |last16=Kahn |first16=Deborah |last17=Garton |first17=Tessa |last18=Stalley |first18=Roger |last19=Hülsen |first19=A. v. |last20=Verzar |first20=Christine |last21=Buchwald |first21=Hans |last22=Claussen |first22=P. Cornelius |last23=Williamson |first23=Paul |last24=Glass |first24=Dorothy F. |last25=d'Elia |first25=Pina Belli |last26=Sheppard |first26=Carl D. |last27=Smith |first27=Elizabeth B. |last28=Niehoff |first28=F. |last29=Will |first29=Robert |last30=Semff |first30=Michael |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |display-authors=1 }}</ref>

===Romanesque===
{{main article|Romanesque architecture}}
[[File:Pisa Cattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta Esterno Angolo Sud Ovest 4.jpg|thumb|[[Pisa Cathedral]] and the [[Leaning Tower of Pisa|Leaning Tower]] in the [[Pisan Romanesque style|Pisan Romanesque]] style.]]
The Romanesque style was predominant across Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries. It is characterized by rounded arches, by [[Barrel vault|barrel]] or [[Groin vault|groin]] vaulting and by thick walls. The first and greatest patrons of Romanesque architecture came from the Church, especially monastic traditions such as [[Cluny Abbey|Cluniacs]] and the [[Cistercian architecture|Cistercians]], but examples of [[Romanesque secular and domestic architecture|Romanesque civic and military buildings]] survive.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Hicks |first=Carola |title=Romanesque |date=2003-01-01 |work=The Oxford Companion to Western Art |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001/acref-9780198662037-e-2260 |access-date=2024-12-09 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-866203-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The term 'Romanesque' (literally meaning 'in the manner of the Romans') was first used to describe the style in 1819.<ref>{{Citation |title=Romanesque, n. & adj. |date=2023-03-02 |work=Oxford English Dictionary |url=https://oed.com/dictionary/romanesque_n |access-date=2024-12-09 |edition=3 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/oed/9822227393|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Although the style did draw on [[ancient Roman architecture]], it was ultimately an original style and had a wider range of influences than the name suggests.<ref name=":0" />

Examples of Romanesque architecture survive [[List of regional characteristics of Romanesque churches|across Europe]], including in [[Norman architecture|England]], [[French Romanesque architecture|France]], [[List of Brick Romanesque buildings|Germany]], [[Pisan Romanesque style|Italy]], [[Romanesque architecture in Spain|Spain]], Scandinavia and Eastern Europe.<ref name=":1" />[[File:Sainte Chapelle - Upper level 1.jpg|thumb|320x320px|[[Sainte-Chapelle]], Paris, built in the [[Rayonnant]] Gothic style between 1238 and 1248.]]
===Gothic===
{{Main article|Gothic architecture}}
The Gothic style was predominant across Europe between the late 12th century and the end of the Middle Ages in the 15th century. The key feature of Gothic architecture is pointed arches. Other features, including [[Rib vault|rib vaulting]], exterior [[Buttress|buttresses]], elaborate [[tracery]] and [[stained glass]], are commonly found in Gothic architecture. The choir of the [[Basilica of Saint-Denis]] in France, completed in 1144, is considered to be the first wholly Gothic building, combining all of these elements.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gothic |url=https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/display/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000033435 |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=Grove Art Online |date=2003 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T033435 |last1=Kidson |first1=Peter |last2=Davis |first2=Michael T. |last3=Crossley |first3=Paul |last4=Sandron |first4=Dany |last5=Morrison |first5=Kathryn |last6=Bräm |first6=Andreas |last7=Blum |first7=Pamela Z. |last8=Sekules |first8=V. |last9=Lindley |first9=Phillip |last10=Henze |first10=Ulrich |last11=Holladay |first11=Joan A. |last12=Kreytenberg |first12=G. |last13=Tigler |first13=Guido |last14=Grandi |first14=R. |last15=d'Achille |first15=Anna Maria |last16=Aceto |first16=Francesco |last17=Steyaert |first17=J. |last18=Dias |first18=Pedro |last19=Svanberg |first19=Jan |last20=Mata |first20=Angela Franco |last21=Evelyn |first21=Peta |last22=Tångeberg |first22=Peter |last23=Hicks |first23=Carola |last24=Campbell |first24=Marian |last25=Taburet-Delahaye |first25=Elisabeth |last26=Koldeweij |first26=A. M. |last27=Reinheckel |first27=G. |last28=Kolba |first28=Judit |last29=Karlsson |first29=Lennart |last30=Boehm |first30=Barbara Drake |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4 |display-authors=1 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Coldstream |first=Nicola |title=Gothic |date=2003-01-01 |work=The Oxford Companion to Western Art |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001/acref-9780198662037-e-1090 |access-date=2024-12-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198662037.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-866203-7|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The term 'Gothic' (literally meaning 'in the manner of the [[Goths]]') was first used in the 16th century by [[Giorgio Vasari]]. However, the Goths, an ancient Germanic people, had no influence on the Gothic style. The Gothic style actually evolved from Romanesque architecture in France. A number of [[Influences upon Gothic architecture|other factors and styles]] may have influenced early Gothic architecture. Architecture that combines elements of both the Romanesque and Gothic styles is sometimes referred to as [[Romano-Gothic]].<ref name=":2" />
[[File:20130808 Kings College Chapel 01.jpg|thumb|[[King's College Chapel, Cambridge|King's College Chapel]], Cambridge, built in the [[Perpendicular Gothic]] style between 1446 and 1515.]]
Scholars have divided Gothic architecture into a number of different periods: [[Early Gothic architecture|Early Gothic]] in the 12th century, [[High Gothic]] (similar to [[Classic Gothic]]) in the 13th century, and Late Gothic from the 14th century. During the High Gothic period, [[Rayonnant]] was the primary style in France and [[Decorated gothic|Decorated]] was the main style in England. In the Late Gothic period, [[Flamboyant]] was the primary style in France (and Spain) and [[Perpendicular Gothic|Perpendicular]] was the main style in England. Although from the 15th century the Gothic style was replaced by [[Renaissance architecture]], marking the end of the Middle Ages and medieval architecture, there were [[Gothic Revival architecture|Gothic Revival]] and [[Romanesque Revival architecture|Romanesque Revival]] movements in the nineteenth century.<ref name=":2" />

Both [[Gothic cathedrals and churches|religious]] and [[Gothic secular and domestic architecture|secular]] examples of medieval Gothic architecture survive, notably a number of [[List of Gothic cathedrals in Europe|cathedrals]]. Examples survive [[List of Gothic architecture|across Europe]], including in [[Belarusian Gothic|Belarus]], [[Czech Gothic architecture|Czechia]], [[English Gothic architecture|England]], [[French Gothic architecture|France]], [[Italian Gothic architecture|Italy]], [[Gothic architecture in Lithuania|Lithuania]], the [[Brabantine Gothic|Low Countries]], [[Gothic architecture in modern Poland|Poland]], [[Portuguese Gothic architecture|Portugal]], Scandinavia, and [[Spanish Gothic architecture|Spain]]. Each country developed a unique style of Gothic architecture, as did many smaller regions, including [[Southern French Gothic|Southern France]], [[Gothic art in Milan|Milan]], [[Venetian Gothic architecture|Venice]], [[Catalan Gothic|Catalonia]], [[Levantine Gothic|Levante]], and [[Valencian Gothic|Valencia]]. The [[Brick Gothic|Brick Gothic style]] was widespread [[List of Brick Gothic buildings|around the Baltic and in North Germany]]. Towards the end of the Gothic period, a number of new regional styles emerged, often incorporating elements of Renaissance architecture. These include the [[Plateresque]] in Spain, [[Isabelline (architectural style)|Isabelline]] in Castile, [[Manueline]] in Portugal, and [[Sondergotik]] around Germany.<ref name=":2" />