Editing Mehmed II (section)

== Early life and first reign ==
[[File:Hunername accession Mehmed II.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Accession of Mehmed II in [[Edirne]], 1451]]
Mehmed II was born on 30 March 1432, in [[Edirne]], then the capital city of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman state]]. His father was Sultan [[Murad II]] (1404–1451) and his mother [[Hüma Hatun]], a slave of uncertain origin.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Freely|first=John|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0D8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22March+1432%22|title=The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II – Conqueror of Constantinople, Master of an Empire and Lord of Two Seas|date=2009|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=978-1-84511-704-7|pages=9|language=en|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041249/https://books.google.com/books?id=0D8MAQAAMAAJ&q=%22March+1432%22|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA11|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|date=1978|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6|page=11|language=en|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012041249/https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC&pg=PA11|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=19}}

When Mehmed II was eleven years old, he was sent to [[Amasya]] with his two ''lalas'' (advisors) to govern and thus gain experience, per the custom of Ottoman rulers before his time.{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=19}} Sultan Murad II also sent a number of teachers for him to study under. This Islamic education had a great impact in molding Mehmed's mindset and reinforcing his Muslim beliefs. He was influenced in his practice of Islamic [[wikt:epistemology#Noun|epistemology]] by practitioners of science, particularly by his mentor, [[Molla Gürâni]], and he followed their approach. The influence of [[Akshamsaddin]] in Mehmed's life became predominant from a young age, especially in the imperative of fulfilling his Islamic duty to overthrow the Byzantine Empire by conquering Constantinople.<ref name="WDL" />

After [[Murad II]] made peace with [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] on 12 June 1444,{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=91}} he abdicated the throne in favour of his 12-year-old son Mehmed II in July{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=9}}/August{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=91}} 1444.

During Mehmed II's first reign, he defeated the crusade led by [[John Hunyadi]] after the Hungarian incursions into his country broke the conditions of the truce per the [[Peace of Szeged|Treaties of Edirne and Szeged]] in September 1444.{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=91}} Cardinal [[Julian Cesarini]], the representative of the Pope, had convinced the king of Hungary that breaking the truce with Muslims was not a betrayal.{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}} At this time, Mehmed II asked his father Murad II to reclaim the throne, but Murad II refused. According to the 17th-century chronicles,<ref name=truva>[[Erhan Afyoncu]], (2009), Truvanın İntikamı ({{ISBN|978-605-4052-11-0}}), p. 2, (In Turkish)</ref> Mehmed II wrote, "If you are the sultan, come and lead your armies. If I am the sultan, I hereby order you to come and lead my armies." Then, Murad II led the Ottoman army and won the [[Battle of Varna]] on 10 November 1444.{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=91}} [[Halil Inalcik]] states that Mehmed II did not ask for his father. Instead, it was [[Çandarlı Halil Pasha]]'s effort to bring Murad II back to the throne.{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=9}}<ref name=truva />

In 1446, while Murad II returned to the throne, Mehmed retained the title of sultan but only acted as a governor of Manisa. Following the death of Murad II in 1451, Mehmed II became sultan for the second time. [[Ibrahim II of Karaman]] invaded the disputed area and instigated various revolts against Ottoman rule. Mehmed II conducted his first campaign against İbrahim of Karaman; Byzantines threatened to release Ottoman claimant [[Orhan Çelebi|Orhan]].{{Sfn|Nicolle|2000|p=91}}