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Metabotropic receptor
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== Mechanism == [[Neurotransmitter|Chemical messengers]] bind to metabotropic receptors to initiate a diversity of effects caused by biochemical [[Signal transduction|signaling cascades]]. G protein-coupled receptors are all metabotropic receptors. When a ligand binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, a [[G protein-coupled receptor|guanine nucleotide-binding protein]], or [[G protein]], activates a second messenger cascade which can alter [[Transcription (biology)|gene transcription]], regulate other proteins in the cell, release [[Calcium in biology|intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup>]], or directly affect ion channels on the membrane.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Citation|last=Ferguson|first=Duncan C.|title=Chapter 4 - Principles of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicodynamics|date=2018-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128098417000046|work=Fundamentals of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition)|pages=47β58|editor-last=Wallig|editor-first=Matthew A.|publisher=Academic Press|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-809841-7.00004-6|isbn=978-0-12-809841-7|access-date=2020-10-30|editor2-last=Haschek|editor2-first=Wanda M.|editor3-last=Rousseaux|editor3-first=Colin G.|editor4-last=Bolon|editor4-first=Brad|url-access=subscription}}</ref> These receptors can remain open from seconds to minutes and are associated with long-lasting effects, such as modifying synaptic strength and modulating short- and long-term synaptic plasticity.<ref name=":1" /> Metabotropic receptors have a diversity of ligands, including but not limited to: small molecule transmitters, [[Monoamine neurotransmitter|monoamines]], [[Peptide hormone|peptides]], [[hormone]]s, and even gases.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="oxford.universitypressscholarship" /><ref name="Neuron" /> In comparison to fast-acting [[neurotransmitter]]s, these ligands are not taken up again or degraded quickly. They can also enter the [[circulatory system]] to globalize a signal.<ref name=":0" /> Most metabotropic ligands have unique receptors. Some examples include: [[metabotropic glutamate receptor]]s, [[muscarinic acetylcholine receptor]]s, [[GABA-B receptor|GABA<sub>B</sub> receptors.]]<ref name="Purves_2001" /><ref name="Austin_2004" />
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