Editing Miami Seahawks (section)

==History==
The Miami Seahawks were the last of the AAFC's charter teams to be established: originally, there was a [[Baltimore]] franchise which was to have been owned by retired boxer [[Gene Tunney]], but Tunney's bid fell through as he was unable to secure a deal to use city-owned [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Municipal Stadium]] on 33rd Street, built in 1922 in the former Venable Park of northeast Baltimore (site of the future [[Memorial Stadium (Baltimore)|Memorial Stadium]], rebuilt 1950–1954).<ref>Coenen, p. 118.</ref>

A group of [[Miami]] football boosters, led by Harvey Hester, seized on the chance to bring a major league team to their city. The AAFC, needing an eighth team to avoid byes in the schedule, readily granted Hester a franchise:<ref>Coenen, p. 113; 136.</ref> the Seahawks thus became the first major league sports team to be based in Miami.<ref>Coenen, pp. 140–141.</ref> Home games were played at Burdine Stadium, later called the [[Miami Orange Bowl]].<ref>Morgan, p. 22.</ref>

The Seahawks stood out from the other AAFC franchises in several ways:
* Firstly, Miami was by far the smallest market in the AAFC, with roughly half the population of most other metropolitan areas with professional football teams: in fact, it was the second smallest city in the NFL and AAFC, ahead of only [[Green Bay, Wisconsin|Green Bay]] (which at the time played [[Green Bay Packers home games in Milwaukee|part of its schedule]] in much larger [[Milwaukee]]).
*Secondly, although Miami was beginning a period of growth that continues today, it was only the 42nd-largest city in the United States at the time, while the other AAFC and NFL cities (except Green Bay) were among the fifteen largest in the United States.<ref name=Coenen142>Coenen, p. 142.</ref> 
* Thirdly, whereas the AAFC otherwise stood out for being backed by wealthy businessmen, Hester was substantially less wealthy than the other team owners, and was the only one among them who was not a millionaire.<ref name=Coenen126>Coenen, p. 126.</ref> [[Cleveland Browns]] famed coach and owner [[Paul Brown]] remarked that Hester seemed out of his element around the other owners, to the point that he was reluctant to even play [[poker]] with them.<ref name=Levy>Levy, p. 88.</ref>
* Fourthly, with a capacity of about 35,000, Burdine Stadium was a relatively small stadium even by the standards of the time (it would be expanded to almost 60,000 shortly after the Seahawks' demise). At the time, teams needed to draw at least 25,000 fans per game to break even, thus Hester had little margin for error if his club was to remain solvent.
* Fifthly, the [[Deep South]] was culturally much less accepting of professionalism in sports at the time, compared to the more industrialized northeast where most U.S. professional sports teams were then based, further complicating the team's efforts to sell tickets.
* Finally, the endemic [[racism]] of the pre-civil rights era South further hampered the team's attempts to gain an audience after it became clear the AAFC would be an integrated league. In contrast, [[college football]] in the region was almost entirely [[racial segregation|segregated]] in this era.

The Seahawks hired [[Iowa Pre-Flight Seahawks]] coach [[Jack Meagher]] as head coach and former [[Washington Commanders|Washington Redskins]] general manager [[Jack Espey]] as GM. Their schedule was quite difficult from the beginning: they played seven of their first eight games on the road. Their first game was a harbinger of things to come, with a 44–0 thrashing at the hands of the [[Cleveland Browns]].

By the time of their first home game, they had a record of 0–3–0, leading local papers to describe them as "woefully inept".<ref name=Coenen142/> Meagher resigned on October 22 after winning just one of his first six games, with assistant [[Hamp Pool]], the captain of the 1940 and 1941 [[Chicago Bears]] NFL championship teams, being forced to take over as head coach. 

After a 1–7–0 start, the team were in last place when they returned home to host their final six games. For the aforementioned reasons, the team would have had difficulty filling their stadium even in the best of circumstances, and in any case fans had quickly lost interest in the struggling team, and a paltry total of 49,151 fans <ref> [https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1946/attendance.htm Attendance 1946, Pro Football Reference] </ref><ref> While various sources report an average of 14,000 fans attended the first two Seahawks home games and an average of 9,000 attended the last five, the Pro Football Reference numbers make it clear that 24,000 of these were admitted for free or at reduced prices.</ref> paid to attend the Seahawks' home games: this included a miserable 2,340 against Brooklyn, the second lowest attendance at any professional football game since 1939 (excluding 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic severely limited attendance).<ref name=Coenen142/><ref> An NFL game on Thanksgiving Day, 1952, between the Dallas Texans and the Chicago Bears, which had been moved to Akron, Ohio due to paltry ticket sales in Dallas, drew only 2,208 people. </ref> Further, Cleveland and San Francisco had completed their 14-game regular seasons before the Seahawks hosted their final two home games. 

The team also played all of its November home games on Monday nights, the first time in major professional football that such a move had ever been attempted more than once in a year.

At the end of the season, the team was $350,000 in debt, including $80,000 in outstanding travel and payroll expenses.<ref name=Coenen126/> This was well beyond Hester's ability to pay, and to make matters worse, his boosters walked away upon realizing the extent of the debt. Other football boosters in Miami wanted to buy the team, but were unwilling to pay the substantial debt, so they wanted to wait another year to make a bid.<ref name=Coenen142/>

Before the Miami boosters could make a bid, however, Hester was declared [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]], leaving AAFC Commissioner [[Jim Crowley]] with no option but to seize the team. In January 1947, the AAFC approved a bid by [[Washington, D.C.]] attorney Robert D. Rodenburg and four other businessmen; the Rodenburg-led group effectively moved the team to Baltimore and rebranded it as the [[Baltimore Colts (1947–50)|first incarnation of the Baltimore Colts]].<ref name=Coenen126/>

The fiasco left local officials weary of upstart professional football leagues. By 1960, Miami was much more comparable in size to established major professional sports markets. Nevertheless, when the [[American Football League]] awarded [[Ralph Wilson]] a charter franchise for Miami, the city refused to grant him a lease at the Orange Bowl. Wilson eventually established his team in [[Buffalo, New York]] where they became the [[Buffalo Bills]]. However, once it became clear that the AFL was a far more viable venture, the municipal government reversed its stance. In 1965, the AFL awarded an [[expansion franchise]] to lawyer [[Joe Robbie]] and actor [[Danny Thomas]], the [[Miami Dolphins]], which would become a far more successful team on and off the field.<ref>Carroll, p. 82.</ref>

After the NFL and AFL [[AFL-NFL merger|merged]], the Seahawks nickname would be revived (ironically, at the opposite geographical corner of the contiguous U.S.) when the [[Seattle Seahawks]] joined the NFL in 1976.