Editing Midden (section)

==Shells==
[[File:Whaleback Shell Midden gully - 20070722 07986.JPG|thumb|The [[Whaleback Shell Midden]] in [[Maine]] resulted from oyster harvesting from {{BCE|200}} to {{CE|1000}}.]]

A '''shell midden''' or '''shell mound''' is an [[archaeological]] feature consisting mainly of [[mollusc]] shells. The Danish term ''køkkenmøddinger'' (plural) was first used by [[Japetus Steenstrup]] to describe shell heaps and continues to be used by some researchers. A midden, by definition, contains the debris of human activity, and should not be confused with wind- or tide-created beach mounds. Some shell middens are processing remains: areas where aquatic resources were processed directly after harvest and prior to use or storage in a distant location.

Some shell middens are directly associated with villages, as a designated village dump site. In other middens, the material is directly associated with a house in the village. Each household would dump its garbage directly outside the house. In all cases, shell middens are extremely complex and very difficult to excavate fully and exactly. The fact that they contain a detailed record of what food was eaten or processed and many fragments of [[stone tools]] and household goods makes them invaluable objects of [[archaeological]] study.

Shells have a high [[calcium carbonate]] content, which tends to make the middens [[alkaline]]. This slows the normal rate of decay caused by soil acidity, leaving a relatively high proportion of organic material (food remnants, organic tools, clothing, human remains) available for archaeologists to find.<ref>{{cite web| title=Whaleback Shell Midden | url=http://www.maine.gov/dacf/parks/discover_history_explore_nature/history/whaleback/index.shtml | access-date=2006-05-11}}</ref>

[[Edward Sylvester Morse]] conducted one of the first archaeological excavations of the [[Omori Shell Mounds]] in [[Tokyo, Japan]] in 1877, which led to the discovery of a style of pottery described as "cord-marked", translated as "[[Jōmon pottery|Jōmon]]", which came to be used to refer to the early period of [[Japanese prehistory|Japanese history]] when this style of pottery was produced.<ref name="Hall1988">{{cite book|author=John Whitney Hall|title=The Cambridge History of Japan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&pg=PA61|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22352-2|page=59}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://umdb.um.u-tokyo.ac.jp/DPastExh/publish_db/2000dm2k/english/02/02-03.html|title=Collections of Morse from The Shell Mounds of Omori|work=Digital Museum, University of Tokyo|author=Keiji Imamura|access-date=4 September 2015}}</ref> Shell middens were studied in Denmark in the latter half of the 19th century. The Danish word ''køkkenmødding'' (kitchen mound) is now used internationally. The English word "midden" (waste mound) derives from the same Old Norse word that produced the modern Danish one.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=midden&searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|website=www.etymonline.com}}</ref>

===Examples===
[[File:TurtleMound1970 FPS1191.jpg|thumb|The [[Turtle Mound]] shell midden, in [[Florida]], is the largest on the US East Coast.]]
[[File:Kasori midden preserve north.jpg|thumb| Shell midden in [[Kasori Shell Mound]], [[Chiba (city)|Chiba]], [[Chiba Prefecture]] [[Japan]]]]
Shell middens are found in coastal or lakeshore zones all over the world. Consisting mostly of [[mollusc]] shells, they are interpreted as being the waste products of meals eaten by nomadic groups or hunting parties. Some are small examples relating to meals had by a handful of individuals, others are many metres in length and width and represent centuries of shell deposition. In [[Brazil]], they are known as ''sambaquis'', having been created over a long period between the 6th millennium BCE and the beginning of European colonisation.

European shell middens are primarily found along the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic seaboard]] and in [[Denmark]] and primarily date to the 5th millennium BCE ([[Ertebølle culture|Ertebølle]] and Early [[Funnelbeaker culture|Funnel Beaker]] cultures), containing the remains of the earliest Neolithisation process (pottery, cereals and domestic animals). Younger shell middens are found in [[Latvia]] (associated with [[Comb Ceramic culture|Comb Ware]] ceramics), [[Sweden]] (associated with [[Pitted Ware culture|Pitted Ware]] ceramics), [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]] (associated with [[Corded Ware]] ceramics) and [[Schleswig-Holstein]] ([[Late Neolithic]] and [[Iron Age]]). All these are examples where communities practised a mixed farming and hunting/gathering economy.

On [[Canada]]'s west coast, there are shell middens that run for more than {{convert |1|km|mi|sigfig=1}} along the coast and are several meters deep.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Stein |first=Julie  |title=Deciphering a Shell Midden |year=1992 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-664730-3}}</ref> The midden in [[Namu, British Columbia]] is over {{convert |9 |m|ft}} deep and spans over 10,000 years of continuous occupation.

Shell middens created in coastal regions of Australia by [[Indigenous Australians]] exist in [[Australia]] today. Middens provide evidence of prior occupation and are generally protected from mining and other developments. One must exercise caution in deciding whether one is examining a midden or a beach mound. There are good examples on the [[Freycinet Peninsula]] in Tasmania where wave action currently is combining charcoal from forest fire debris with a mix of shells into masses that storms deposit above high-water mark. Shell mounds near [[Weipa, Queensland|Weipa]] in far north Queensland that are mostly less than {{convert|2|m|ft}} high (although ranging up to {{convert |10|m|ft}} high) and a few tens of metres long are claimed to be middens,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bailey |first1=Geoff |last2=Chappell |first2=John |last3=Cribb |first3=Roger |title=The Origin of 'Anadara' Shell Mounds at Weipa, North Queensland, Australia |journal=Archaeology in Oceania |date=1994 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=69–80 |doi=10.1002/arco.1994.29.2.69 |jstor=40386985 }}</ref> but are in fact shell cheniers (beach ridges) re-worked by nest mound-building birds.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Shell mound formation in coastal northern Australia |date=1995-12-31 |doi=10.1016/0025-3227(95)00101-8 |volume=129 |issue= 1–2 |journal=Marine Geology |pages=77–100 | last1 = Stone | first1 = Tim|bibcode=1995MGeol.129...77S }}</ref> Some shell middens are regarded as sacred sites, linked to the [[Dreamtime]], such as those of the Anbarra group of the [[Burarra people]] of [[Arnhem Land]].<ref>{{cite book |title =Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia |first=Billy|last=Griffiths |date=2018|page=164|publisher =Black Inc.}}</ref >

The [[Ohlone]] and [[Coast Miwok]] peoples built over 425 shell mounds in the San Francisco Bay Area. These mounds were used as: 
* Burial sites
* Ceremonial places
* Living cemeteries
* Places of prayer
The mounds were constructed over thousands of years. They were often discovered by accident during construction, mining, or farming. 

Some of the largest mounds in the Bay Area include: 
<br />
'''[[Emeryville Shellmound]]'''
<br />
Located between Oakland and Berkeley, this mound was estimated to be 60 feet high and 350 feet in diameter. It was demolished in 1924.
<br />
'''[[Huichuin]]'''
<br />
Located in Berkeley, this mound was 20 feet high and was the site of the first human settlement on the shores of San Francisco Bay.
<br />
'''[[West Berkeley]] and [[Ellis Landing]]'''
<br />
These mounds measured almost 200 meters in diameter and rose 9 meters above the shoreline.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11704679/there-were-once-more-than-425-shellmounds-in-the-bay-area-where-did-they-go|title=There Were Once More Than 425 Shellmounds in the Bay Area. Where Did They Go?|date=24 March 2022 |publisher=kqed.org |access-date=2023-11-16}}</ref>
<br /><br />
Shell mounds are also credited with the creation of [[tropical hardwood hammocks]], one example being the [[Otter Mound Preserve]] in [[Florida]], where shell deposits from [[Calusa]] natives provided flood free high areas in otherwise large watered areas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colliergov.net/Index.aspx?page=2888 |title=Otter Mound Preserve |publisher=Colliergov.net |access-date=2014-02-24}}</ref>

There are instances in which shell middens may have doubled as areas of ceremonial construction or ritual significance. The [[Woodland period]] [[Crystal River Archaeological State Park|Crystal River site]] provides an example of this phenomenon.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pluckhahn|first1=Thomas J.|author1-link=Thomas J. Pluckhahn|author2-link=Victor D. Thompson|last2=Thompson|first2=Victor D.|last3=Cherkinsky|first3=Alexander|title=The temporality of shell-bearing landscapes at Crystal River, Florida|journal=Journal of Anthropological Anthropology|date=2015|volume=37|pages=19–36|doi=10.1016/j.jaa.2014.10.004}}</ref>

Some shell mounds, known as [[shell ring]]s, are circular or open arcs with a clear central area. Many are known from Japan and the southeastern United States, and at least one from South America.<ref>{{cite web|last=Lawrence|first=David R. and Hilda L. Wrightson|title=Late Archaic-Early Woodland Period Shell Rings of the Southeastern United States Coast: A Bibliographic Introduction|url=http://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1191&context=archanth_books|publisher=University of South Carolina|access-date=10 December 2011}}</ref>