Editing Migration Period (section)

== Chronology ==
{{see|Pre-modern human migration}}
=== Germanic tribes prior to migration ===
{{further|Proto-Germanic language|Pre-Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)|Marcomannic Wars}}

[[Germanic peoples]] moved out of southern [[Scandinavia]] and northern Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Anatolien war nicht Ur-Heimat der indogermanischen Stämme |url=http://www.eurasischesmagazin.de/artikel/Anatolien-war-nicht-Ur-Heimat-der-indogermanischen-Staemme/20040313 |access-date=2016-02-03 |publisher=Eurasischesmagazin.de}}</ref><ref>Wolfram Euler, Konrad Badenheuer; "Sprache und Herkunft der Germanen: Abriss des Protogermanischen vor der Ersten Lautverschiebung"; 2009; {{ISBN|3-9812110-1-4|978-3-9812110-1-6}}</ref> to the adjacent lands between the [[Elbe]] and [[Oder]] after 1000&nbsp;BC. The first wave moved westward and southward (pushing the resident [[Celts]] west to the [[Rhine]] around 200&nbsp;BC), moving into [[southern Germany]] up to the Roman provinces of [[Gaul]] and [[Cisalpine Gaul]] by 100&nbsp;BC, where they were stopped by [[Gaius Marius]] and later by [[Julius Caesar]]. It is this western group which was described by the Roman historian [[Tacitus]] (AD&nbsp;56–117) and Julius Caesar (100–44&nbsp;BC). A later wave of Germanic tribes migrated eastward and southward from Scandinavia, between 600 and 300&nbsp;BC, to the opposite coast of the [[Baltic Sea]], moving up the [[Vistula]] near the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. During [[Tacitus]]' era they included lesser-known tribes such as the [[Tencteri]], [[Cherusci]], [[Hermunduri]] and [[Chatti]]; however, a period of federation and intermarriage resulted in the familiar groups known as the [[Alemanni]], [[Franks]], [[Saxons]], [[Frisians]] and [[Thuringii|Thuringians]].<ref>Bury, Invasion, Ch. 1.</ref>

=== First wave ===
{{further|Roman Iron Age (Northern Europe)}}
{{See also|Ostrogoths|Visigoths|Burgundians|Alans|Lombards|Angles (tribe)|Saxons|Jutes|Suebi|Alemanni|Gepids|Vandals|Huns}}
[[File:Bracteate from Funen, Denmark (DR BR42).jpg|thumb|upright|A Migration Period Germanic gold [[bracteate]] depicting a bird, horse, and stylized human head with a [[Suebian knot]]]]

The first wave of invasions, between AD&nbsp;300 and 500, is partly documented by Greek and Latin historians but is difficult to verify archaeologically. It puts Germanic peoples in control of most areas of what was then the [[Western Roman Empire]].{{sfn|Halsall|2006a|p=51}}

The [[Thervingi|Tervingi]] crossed the [[Danube]] into Roman territory in 376, in a migration fleeing the invading [[Huns]]. Some time later in [[Marcianopolis]], the escort to their leader [[Fritigern]] was killed while meeting with Roman commander [[Lupicinus (comes per Thracias)|Lupicinus]].{{Sfn |Wolfram|2001|pp=127ff.}} The Tervingi rebelled, and the Visigoths, a group derived either from the Tervingi or from a fusion of mainly [[Goths|Gothic]] groups, eventually invaded Italy and [[Sack of Rome (410)|sacked Rome in 410]] before settling in Gaul. Around 460, they founded the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] in Iberia. They were followed into Roman territory first by a confederation of [[Heruli]]an, [[Rugii|Rugian]], and [[Sciri|Scirian]] warriors under [[Odoacer]], that deposed [[Romulus Augustulus]] in 476, and later by the [[Ostrogoths]], led by [[Theodoric the Great]], who settled in Italy. 

In [[Gaul]], the Franks (a fusion of western [[List of ancient Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] whose leaders had been aligned with Rome since the 3rd century) entered Roman lands gradually during the 5th century, and after consolidating power under [[Childeric I|Childeric]] and his son [[Clovis I|Clovis's]] decisive victory over [[Syagrius]] in 486, established themselves as rulers of northern Roman Gaul. Fending off challenges from the Alemanni, Burgundians, and Visigoths, the [[Francia|Frankish kingdom]] became the nucleus of what would later become France and Germany. 

The initial [[Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain]] occurred during the 5th century, when [[Roman Britain|Roman control of Britain]] had come to an end.{{Sfn|Dumville|1990}} The Burgundians settled in northwestern Italy, Switzerland and Eastern France in the 5th century.

=== Second wave ===
{{See also|Early Slavs|Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe|Pannonian Avars|Magyars|Bulgars}}
[[File:Migration of Early Slavs.png|thumb|Migration of [[early Slavs]] in Europe in the 6th–7th centuries]]
[[File:Old Great Bulgaria and migration of Bulgarians.png|thumb|Migration and settlement of the [[Bulgars]] during the 6th–7th centuries AD]]
[[File:Pair of radiate-head bow brooches, Slavic, 2 of 2, c. 600-650 AD, copper alloy, gilding - Morgan Library & Museum - New York City - DSC06620.jpg|thumb|upright|Slavic [[Fibula (brooch)|fibula brooch]] made of [[copper]] dating back to the Migration Period, {{Circa|600}}–650 AD]] 

Between AD&nbsp;500 and 700, Slavic tribes settled more areas of central Europe and pushed farther into southern and eastern Europe, gradually making the eastern half of Europe predominantly Slavic-speaking.<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Kobylinski
 |first1               = Zbigniew
 |author-link1         = Zbigniew Kobylinski
 |editor-last1         = Fouracre
 |editor-first1        = Paul
 |editor-link1         = Paul Fouracre
 |editor-last2         = McKitterick
 |editor-first2        = Rosamond
 |editor-link2         = Rosamond McKitterick
 |editor-last3         = Abulafia
 |editor-first3        = David
 |editor-link3         = David Abulafia
 |year                 = 2005
 |chapter              = The Slavs
 |title                = The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 1, C.500-c.700
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmwuoTsKO0C
 |series               = The New Cambridge Medieval History, volume 1, C.500-c.700
 |publication-place    = Cambridge
 |publisher            = Cambridge University Press
 |pages                = 524ff
 |isbn                 = 9780521362917
 |access-date          = 23 October 2024
}} 
</ref>
Additionally, [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes such as the Avars and - later - [[Ugric languages|Ugric-speaking]] Magyars became involved in this second wave. In AD&nbsp;567, the Avars and the [[Lombards]] destroyed much of the [[Gepids|Gepid Kingdom]]. The Lombards, a Germanic people, settled in Italy with their Herulian, Suebian, Gepid, Thuringian, Bulgar, [[Sarmatians|Sarmatian]] and [[Saxons|Saxon]] allies in the 6th century.<ref name="DBI">Bertolini 1960, pp. 34–38.</ref><ref>Schutz 2002, p. 82</ref> They were later followed by the [[Bavarian dynasty|Bavarians]] and the Franks, who conquered and ruled most of the Italian peninsula.

The Bulgars, originally a nomadic group probably from [[Central Asia]], occupied the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe|Pontic steppe]] north of [[Caucasus]] from the 2nd century. Later, pushed by the [[Khazars]], the majority of them migrated west and dominated [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] territories along the [[First Bulgarian Empire|lower Danube]] in the 7th century. From that time the demographic picture of the [[Balkans]] changed permanently, becoming predominantly Slavic-speaking, while pockets of native people survived in the mountains of the Balkans.<ref>Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983), ''The Early Medieval Balkans'', University of Michigan Press, {{ISBN|0-472-08149-7}}, p. 31.</ref><ref>The Miracles of Saint Demetrius</ref>

Croats settled in modern Croatia and Western Bosnia and Herzegovina while the Serbs settled in Southwestern Serbia, Eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of modern Montenegro.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malcolm|first=Noel|author-link=Noel Malcolm|title=Bosnia: A Short History|publisher=New York University Press|year=1994|isbn=0-8147-5520-8|location=Washington Square, New York|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto00malc|page=8}}</ref><ref name=malcolm2>Chapter 2 in Noel Malcolm's ''Kosovo, a Short History'', Macmillan, London, 1998, pp. 22-40</ref>{{sfn|Fine|1991|pp=53, 160, 202, 225}} By the mid seventh century, Serb tribes were invading northern Albania.<ref name=malcolm2 /> By the ninth century, the central Balkans  and the area of southern and central Albania became invaded and settled by Bulgars.<ref name=malcolm2 />

During the early [[Arab–Byzantine wars|Byzantine–Arab Wars]], [[Rashidun army|Arab armies]] attempted to invade southeast Europe via [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] during the late 7th and early 8th centuries but were defeated at the [[siege of Constantinople (717–718)]] by the joint forces of Byzantium and the Bulgars. During the [[Arab–Khazar wars|Khazar–Arab Wars]], the [[Khazars]] stopped the [[Early Muslim conquests|Arab expansion]] into Europe across the Caucasus (7th and 8th centuries). At the same time, the so-called [[Moors]] (consisting of [[Arabs]] and [[Berbers]]) invaded Europe via [[Gibraltar]] ([[Umayyad conquest of Hispania|conquering Hispania]] from the Visigothic Kingdom in 711), before being halted by the Franks at the [[Battle of Tours]] in Gaul. These campaigns led to broadly demarcated frontiers between [[Christendom]] and [[Muslim world|Islam]] for the next millennium. The following centuries saw the Muslims successful in [[History of Islam in southern Italy|conquering most of Sicily]] from the Christians by 902.

The [[Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin]] from around AD&nbsp;895 and the subsequent [[Hungarian invasions of Europe]] and the [[Viking expansion]] from the late 8th century conventionally mark the last large migration movements of the period. Christian missionaries from the Roman West and Byzantium [[Christianization#Christianization of Europe (6th–9th centuries)|gradually converted]] the non-Islamic newcomers and integrated them into Christendom.