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Military service
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== World summary == In this summary, 195 countries are included.<ref>Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland, 1997, via Nationmaster: http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_con-military-conscription {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231015536/http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/mil_con-military-conscription |date=31 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>The CIA World Fact book – Military service age and obligation. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/333.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/333.html |date=8 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>J. Jih. Dual Nationality, Conscription, and Death Penalty. https://web.archive.org/web/20091027100908/http://geocities.com/jusjih/dncdp.html</ref> ===No enforced conscription=== The following 107 countries and territories have been identified as having no enforced conscription: {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *{{flag|Afghanistan}} *{{flag|Albania}} *{{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} *{{flag|Argentina}} *{{flag|Australia}} *{{flag|Bahamas}} *{{flag|Bahrain}} *{{flag|Bangladesh}} *{{flag|Barbados}} *{{flag|Belgium}} *{{flag|Belize}} *{{flag|Bhutan}} *{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} *{{flag|Botswana}} *{{flag|Brunei}} *{{flag|Bulgaria}} *{{flag|Burkina Faso}} *{{flag|Burundi}} *{{flag|Cameroon}} *{{flag|Canada}} *{{flag|Cambodia}} *{{flag|Central African Republic}} *{{flag|Chile}} (none only if quota is met) *{{flag|China}} (de facto, Both compulsory and voluntary military service de jure) *{{flag|Comoros}} *{{flag|Congo}} *{{flag|Côte d'Ivoire}} *{{flag|Czech Republic}} *{{flag|Djibouti}} *{{flag|Dominican Republic}} *{{flag|Ecuador}} *{{flag|Eswatini}} *{{flag|Ethiopia}} *{{flag|Fiji}} *{{flag|France}} *{{flag|Gabon}} *{{flag|Gambia}} *{{flag|Ghana}} *{{flag|Germany}} *{{flag|Guinea}} *{{flag|Guyana}} *{{flag|Haiti}} *{{flag|Honduras}} *{{flag|Hungary}} *{{flag|India}} *{{flag|Indonesia}} *{{flag|Iraq}} *{{flag|Ireland}} *{{flag|Italy}} *{{flag|Jamaica}} *{{flag|Japan}} *{{flag|Jordan}} *{{flag|Kenya}} *{{flag|Kosovo}} *{{flag|Lebanon}} *{{flag|Lesotho}} *{{flag|Liberia}} *{{flag|Luxembourg}} *{{flag|Madagascar}} *{{flag|Malawi}} *{{flag|Maldives}} *{{flag|Malta}} *{{flag|Mauritania}} *{{flag|Montenegro}} *{{flag|Namibia}} *{{flag|Nepal}} *{{flag|Netherlands}} *{{flag|New Zealand}} *{{flag|Nicaragua}} *{{flag|Nigeria}} *{{flag|North Macedonia}} *{{flag|Oman}} *{{flag|Philippines}} *{{flag|Pakistan}} *{{flag|Papua New Guinea}} *{{flag|Peru}} *{{flag|Poland}} *{{flag|Portugal}} *{{flag|Romania}} *{{flag|Rwanda}} *{{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} *{{flag|Saint Lucia}} (no regular military force) *{{flag|San Marino}} *{{flag|Saudi Arabia}} *{{flag|Serbia}} (to be reintroduced in 2025)<ref>https://www.novinite.com/articles/228185/Serbia+to+Reintroduce+Compulsory+Military+Service</ref> *{{flag|Seychelles}} *{{flag|Sierra Leone}} *{{flag|Slovakia}} *{{flag|Slovenia}} *{{flag|Somalia}} *{{flag|South Africa}} *{{flag|Spain}} *{{flag|Sri Lanka}} *{{flag|Suriname}} *{{flag|Syria}} *{{flag|Tanzania}} *{{flag|Timor-Leste}} *{{flag|Togo}} *{{flag|Tonga}} *{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} *{{flag|Uganda}} *{{flag|United Kingdom}} *{{flag|United States}} (de facto, Can use [[Article One of the United States Constitution|The Article One, Section 8 of the Constitution]] to impose conscription in emergencies) *{{flag|Uruguay}} *{{flag|Yemen}} *{{flag|Zambia}} *{{flag|Zimbabwe}} {{div col end}} ===Both compulsory and voluntary military service=== The following countries and regions have been identified as having both compulsory and voluntary military service: {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *{{flag|Bermuda}} *{{flag|Cape Verde}} *{{flag|Colombia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/52a72d584.html|title=Refworld - Colombia: Military service, including recruitment age, length of service, reasons for exemption and the possibility of performing a replacement service (2006-July 2012)|first=United Nations High Commissioner for|last=Refugees}}</ref> *{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} *{{flag|Kuwait}} *{{flag|Mali}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Singapore}} *{{flag|Thailand}} *{{flag|Taiwan}} {{div col end}} ===Selective conscription=== The following 13 countries have been identified as having selective conscription: {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *{{flag|Benin}} *{{flag|Brazil}} *{{flag|Cape Verde}} *{{flag|Chad}} *{{flag|El Salvador}} *{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} *{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} *{{flag|Laos}} *{{flag|Mali}} *{{flag|Mexico}} *{{flag|Niger}} *{{flag|Senegal}} *{{flag|Vietnam}} {{div col end}} ===Civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service option=== The following fifteen countries have been identified as having a civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service optional alternative to compulsory military service: {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *{{flag|Angola}} *{{flag|Austria}} (9 months civilian, 6 months armed) *{{flag|Belarus}} (3 years civilian, 18 months or 1 year armed) *{{flag|Cyprus}} (18 months civilian, 14 armed) *{{flag|Denmark}} *{{flag|Estonia}} *{{flag|Lithuania}} *{{flag|Finland}} (1 year civilian, unarmed 9 months or 1 year, armed 6, 9 months or 1 year) *{{flag|Iran}} (22 months including 2 months of armed training) *{{flag|Mexico}} *{{flag|Norway}} *{{flag|Paraguay}} *{{flag|Russia}} *{{flag|Switzerland}} (1 year civilian, 245 days armed) *{{flag|Sweden}} {{div col end}} ===Compulsory military service for both genders=== {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *{{flag|Cape Verde}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/333.html |title=MILITARY SERVICE AGE AND OBLIGATION |publisher=World Factbook |access-date=7 March 2019 |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308081229/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/fields/333.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> (2 years selective) *{{flag|Chad}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (3 years for men. 1 year for women. Civilian service for the age of 21) *{{flag|Cuba}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (2 years for both genders) *{{flag|Eritrea}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (Indefinite period, usually up to 10 years for women and 15 years for men ) *{{flag|Israel}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (3 years for men<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/israels-new-elections-are-latest-symptom-assault-its-institutions|title=Israel's New Elections Are the Latest Symptom of an Assault on Its Institutions|date=2019-05-31|website=Lawfare|access-date=2019-12-11}}</ref> and 2 years for women) *{{flag|Morocco}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wri-irg.org/en/story/2018/morocco-conscription-be-reintroduced|title=Morocco: Conscription to be reintroduced|last=Sapmaz|first=Semih|publisher=[[War Resisters' International]]|date=30 August 2018|access-date=22 November 2018}}</ref> (1 year) *{{flag|Norway}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (19 months, selective) *{{flag|Myanmar}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.voanews.com/a/myanmar-junta-enforces-conscription-law-amid-backlash-exodus/7494041.html | title=Myanmar Junta Enforces Conscription Law Amid Backlash, Exodus | date=19 February 2024 }}</ref> *{{flag|North Korea}}<ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (10 years for men, upon high school completion to 23 years of age, for women, 7 years) *{{flag|Sweden}}<ref name=":0" /><ref name="CIAMILITARYSERVICEAGEANDOBLIGATION" /> (11 months, selective) {{div col end}} ===Military service limited to 1 year or less=== The following twenty–four countries have been identified as having compulsory military service limited to 1 year or less: {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *{{flag|Algeria}} (1 year) *{{flag|Bolivia}} (1 year) *{{flag|Brazil}} (9 months-1 year, can be extended to a max of 7 years; the conscript may be discharged by excess of contingent) *{{flag|Colombia}} (1–2 years depending on MOS and branch) *{{flag|Croatia}} (2 months)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.expatincroatia.com/mandatory-military-service/ | title=Guide to mandatory military service in Croatia | date=16 July 2024 }}</ref> *{{flag|Estonia}} (8–11 months) *{{flag|Greece}} (6 months-1 year) *{{flag|Guatemala}} (1–2 years) *{{flag|Kazakhstan}} (1 year) *{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} (1 year) *{{flag|Latvia}} (11 months)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2023-10-04/latvia-new-law-introduces-compulsory-military-service-starting-in-january-2024/#:~:text=Under%20this%20law%2C%20military%20service,had%20been%20abolished%20in%202006 | title=Latvia: New Law Introduces Compulsory Military Service Starting in January 2024 | website=[[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> *{{flag|Lithuania}} (9 months<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alternativeservice.info/en/service-beyond-borders/lithuania/ |title=Lithuania - Альтернативная служба без границ |publisher=Alternativeservice.info |date= |accessdate=2022-03-16}}</ref>) *{{flag|Malaysia}} (45 days)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/asia/malaysia-national-service-training-programme-plkn-revive-army-3833826#:~:text=Malaysia%20to%20bring%20back%20national,just%20for%2045%20days%20%2D%20CNA | title=Malaysia to bring back national service - but just for 45 days }}</ref> *{{flag|Moldova}} (1 year) *{{flag|Mongolia}} (1 year) *{{flag|Morocco}} (1 year) *{{flag|Paraguay}} (1 year for Army, 2 years for Navy) *{{flag|Qatar}} (4 months-1 year) *{{flag|Russia}} (1 year) *{{flag|Sweden}} (9–11 months) *{{flag|Taiwan}} (1 year <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64100577 |title=Taiwan extends mandatory military service to one year |date=27 December 2022 }}</ref>) *{{flag|Tunisia}} (1 year) *{{flag|Turkey}} (6 months-1 year) *{{flag|Ukraine}} (3–5 months of basic military training)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://visitukraine.today/blog/3911/basic-military-training-who-has-to-go-through-it-when-does-it-start-and-what-do-you-need-to-know-about-it?srsltid=AfmBOooIDBqrgDbQAmOsCI28uAdlu8Hu458X50JMGLUOSExhHnZm2D04#how-will-basic-military-training-be-conducted | title=Basic military training: Who has to go through it, when does it start, and what do you need to know about it? }}</ref> *{{flag|Uzbekistan}} (1 year) {{div col end}} ===Military service limited to 18 months=== The following 11 countries have been identified to having compulsory military service limited to 18 months or less: {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *{{flag|Azerbaijan}} (between 1 and 2 years) *{{flag|Belarus}} (6 months-1 year for undergraduate school alumni) *{{flag|Benin}} *{{flag|Cambodia}} *{{flag|Cyprus}} (18 months civilian, 14 armed) *{{flag|Egypt}} (14 months service minimum obligation) *{{flag|Georgia}} *{{flag|Kuwait}} *{{flag|Latvia}} *{{flag|Laos}} *{{flag|UAE}} (16 months for high school diploma holders) {{div col end}} ===Military service longer than 18 months=== The following 25 countries have been identified as having compulsory military service terms longer than 18 months: {{div col|colwidth=35em}} *{{flag|Armenia}} (2 years) *{{flag|Angola}} (2 years plus a training period, civilian or non-combatant option available) *{{flag|Chad}} (3 years men, 1 year women. Civil service available only for women) *{{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Conscription in Cuba|Cuba]] (2 years, both sexes) *{{flag|Eritrea}} (18 months officially, in practice indefinite; see [[Eritrean Defence Forces#National service|National Service in Eritrea]]) *{{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|Iran}} (2 years) *{{flag|Israel}} (3 years for men, 2 years for women)<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel/|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov| date=3 May 2022 }}</ref> *{{flag|North Korea}} (10 years for men, 7 years for women)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/korea/draft-04262013160001.html|title=Elite North Koreans Evade Army Service|website=Radio Free Asia|date=26 April 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiapress.org/rimjingang/english/archive/pdf/PART3_Starving_Korean_Peoples_Army_Rimjin-gang.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510071238/http://www.asiapress.org/rimjingang/english/archive/pdf/PART3_Starving_Korean_Peoples_Army_Rimjin-gang.pdf |archive-date=10 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/13573/one-family-rule-north-koreas-hereditary-authoritarianism|title=One-Family Rule: North Korea's Hereditary Authoritarianism|website=www.worldpoliticsreview.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wri-irg.org/en/node/23820|title=North Korea to Introduce Military Conscription for Women - War Resisters' International|website=www.wri-irg.org}}</ref> *{{flag|Libya}} (2 years) *{{flag|Mali}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|Mozambique}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|Niger}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} (2 years) *{{flag|Senegal}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|Singapore}} (22 months to 2 years, without regard to Full-Time National Service in the Singapore Civil Defence Force or Singapore Police Force, under the Ministry of Home Affairs)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;ident=c56368d3-b98f-4b42-babf-d63f52a07133;page=0;query=DocId:%227c7b1aab-8403-4443-b322-0cba08be5d45%22+Status:inforce+Depth:0;rec=0#pr12-he-.|title=Singapore Statutes Online - Results|website=statutes.agc.gov.sg}}</ref> *{{flag|South Korea}} (18 months for Army and Marines, 20 months for Navy, 21 months for Air Force and Social Service, 3 years for special Social Service) *{{flag|Sudan}} (1–2 years, both sexes) *{{flag|Tajikistan}} (2 years) *{{flag|Thailand}} (2 years for involuntarily drafted men,1 year for volunteers, 6 months for diploma{{clarify|date=March 2022}}) *{{flag|Turkmenistan}} (2 years) *{{flag|UAE}} (3 years, for [[Education in the United Arab Emirates|high school dropouts]]) *{{flag|Vietnam}} (2 years, selective) *{{flag|Venezuela}} (2 years) {{div col end}} ===No defense force=== {{Main|List of countries without armed forces}} The following 19 countries have been identified as having no defense forces or as having no standing army but having very limited military forces: {{div col|colwidth=18em}} *{{flag|Andorra}} *{{flag|Costa Rica}} *{{flag|Dominica}} *{{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} *{{flag|Grenada}} *{{flag|Iceland}}* *{{flag|Kiribati}} *{{flag|Liechtenstein}} *{{flag|Marshall Islands}} *{{flag|Mauritius}}* *{{flag|Monaco}}* *{{flag|Nauru}} *{{flag|Palau}} *{{flag|Panama}}* *{{flag|Samoa}} *{{flag|Solomon Islands}} *{{flag|Tuvalu}} *{{flag|Vanuatu}}* *{{flag|Vatican City}}* {{div col end}} :{{small|* Countries having no standing army, but having very limited military forces.}}
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