Editing Misogyny (section)

== Definitions ==
English and American dictionaries define misogyny as "hatred of women"<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=((Brown, L.)) |date=1 January 1993 |title=The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on Historical Principles. Two Volumes Complete |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |vauthors=((Company, H. M.)) |date=26 June 2012 |title=The American Heritage Dictionary |publisher=Dell |edition=Fifth}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |veditors=((Gove, P. B.)) |date=1 January 1993 |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary, Unabridged |publisher=Merriam-Webster, Inc. |isbn=978-0-87779-201-7}}</ref> and as "hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women".<ref>{{cite book |date=7 October 1997 |title=Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-679-45854-8}}</ref>

The American ''[[Merriam-Webster Dictionary]]'' distinguishes misogyny, "a hatred of women", from [[sexism]], which denotes sex-based discrimination, and "behavior, conditions, or attitudes that foster stereotypes of social roles based on sex."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misogyny#note-1 |title=Definition of MISOGYNY |date=11 August 2023 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=17 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117042928/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/misogyny#note-1 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2012, primarily in response to [[Misogyny speech|a speech in the Australian Parliament]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/transcript-of-julia-gillards-speech-20121009-27c36.html |title=Transcript of Julia Gillard's speech |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-date=6 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106085642/http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/transcript-of-julia-gillards-speech-20121009-27c36.html |url-status=live}}</ref> the ''[[Macquarie Dictionary]]'' (which documents [[Australian English]] and [[New Zealand English]]) expanded its definition to include not only hatred of women but also "entrenched prejudices against women".<ref name="Macquarie">{{cite news |last=Daley |first=Gemma |title=Macquarie Dictionary has last word on misogyny |url=http://www.afr.com/p/national/macquarie_dictionary_has_last_word_NzrQFdWcPJG6G8qLRRiZtK |date=17 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019181518/http://www.afr.com/p/national/macquarie_dictionary_has_last_word_NzrQFdWcPJG6G8qLRRiZtK |archive-date=19 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Social psychology research{{vague|date=October 2023}} describes overt misogyny as "blatant hostile sexism" that raises resistance in women, as opposed to "manifestations of benevolent sexism" or [[chivalry]] that lead women to behave in a manner perpetuating patriarchal arrangements.<ref name="The Madonna-Whore Dichotomy Is Asso">{{cite journal |first1=Rotem |last1=Kahalon |first2=Orly |last2=Bareket |first3=Andrea C. |last3=Vial |first4=Nora |last4=Sassenhagen |first5=Julia C. |last5=Becker |first6=Nurit |last6=Shnabel |date=2 May 2019 |title=The Madonna-Whore Dichotomy Is Associated With Patriarchy Endorsement: Evidence From Israel, the United States, and Germany |journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=348–367 |doi=10.1177/0361684319843298 |s2cid=155434624}}</ref>

According to sociologist [[Allan G. Johnson]], "misogyny is a cultural attitude of hatred for females because they are female". Johnson argues that:
{{blockquote|Misogyny .... is a central part of sexist prejudice and ideology and, as such, is an important basis for the [[oppression]] of females in male-dominated societies. Misogyny is manifested in many different ways, from jokes to pornography to violence to the self-contempt women may be taught to feel toward their own bodies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Blackwell dictionary of sociology: A user's guide to sociological language |isbn=978-0-631-21681-0 |last1=Johnson |first1=Allan G |year=2000 |publisher=Wiley}}, ("ideology" in all small capitals in original).</ref>}}

Sociologist [[Michael Flood]] at the [[University of Wollongong]] defines misogyny as the hatred of women, and notes:
{{blockquote|Though most common in men, misogyny also exists in and is practiced by women against other women or even themselves. Misogyny functions as an ideology or belief system that has accompanied patriarchal, or male-dominated societies for thousands of years and continues to place women in subordinate positions with limited access to power and decision making. […] Aristotle contended that women exist as natural deformities or imperfect males […] Ever since, women in [[Western culture]]s have internalised their role as societal scapegoats, influenced in the twenty-first century by multimedia objectification of women with its culturally sanctioned self-loathing and fixations on [[plastic surgery]], [[anorexia]] and [[bulimia]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=International encyclopaedia of men and masculinities |isbn=978-0-415-33343-6 |last1=Flood |first1=Michael |date=July 18, 2007 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>}}

Philosopher [[Kate Manne]] of [[Cornell University]] defines misogyny as the attempt to control and punish women who challenge male dominance.<ref name="Illing2020">{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/5/16705284/elizabeth-warren-loss-2020-sexism-misogyny-kate-manne |title=What we get wrong about misogyny |last=Illing |first=Sean |date=7 March 2020 |website=Vox |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=9 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609191124/https://www.vox.com/identities/2017/12/5/16705284/elizabeth-warren-loss-2020-sexism-misogyny-kate-manne |url-status=live}}</ref> Manne finds the traditional "hatred of women" definition of misogyny too simplistic, noting it does not account for how perpetrators of [[Violence against women|misogynistic violence]] may love certain women; for example, their mothers.<ref name="Manne2019" />{{rp|52}} Instead, misogyny rewards women who uphold the [[status quo]] and punishes those who reject women's subordinate status.<ref name="Illing2020" /> Manne distinguishes [[sexism]], which she says seeks to rationalise and justify [[patriarchy]], from misogyny, which she calls the "law enforcement" branch of patriarchy:
{{blockquote|[S]exist ideology will tend to discriminate ''between'' men and women, typically by alleging sex differences beyond what is known or could be known, and sometimes counter to our best current scientific evidence. Misogyny will typically differentiate between good women and ''bad'' ones, and punishes the latter. […] Sexism wears a lab coat; misogyny goes on [[Witch-hunt|witch hunts]].<ref name="Manne2019">{{cite book |last=Manne |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Manne |date=2019 |title=[[Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny]] |location=Ithaca, New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-060498-1}}</ref>{{rp|79}} }}

''Misogynous'' and ''misogynistic'' can both be used as an adjectival form of the word.<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of "misogyny" |url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misogyny |website=Dictionary.com |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025035008/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/misogyny |url-status=live}}</ref> The noun ''misogynist'' can be used for a woman-hating person. The counterpart of misogyny is [[misandry]], the hatred or dislike of men. Marc A. Ouellette argues in ''International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities'' that "misandry lacks the systemic, transhistoric, institutionalized, and legislated antipathy of misogyny".<ref name="Ouellette 2007">{{cite book |last=Ouellette |first=Marc |title=International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities |date=2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-1343-1707-3 |editor1=Flood, Michael |editor1-link=Michael Flood |pages=442–443 |chapter=Misandry |display-editors=etal}}</ref> Anthropologist David Gilmore argues that misogyny is a "near-universal phenomenon" and that there is no male equivalent.<ref name="Gilmore p10">{{cite book |last=Gilmore |first=David G. |title=Misogyny: The Male Malady |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |location=Philadelphia |date=2001 |pages=10–13 |isbn=978-0-8122-0032-4}}</ref> The [[antonym]] of misogyny, [[philogyny]]—love or fondness toward women—<ref name="Groes-Green 2011">{{Cite journal |last=Groes-Green |first=Christian |date=2011 |title=Philogynous Masculinities: Contextualising Alternative Manhood in Mozambique |journal=Men and Masculinities |language=en |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=91–111 |doi=10.1177/1097184x11427021 |s2cid=145337308}}</ref> is not widely used.  Words derived from the word ''misogyny'' and denoting connected concepts include [[misogynoir]], the intersection of anti-black [[racism]] and misogyny faced by [[Black people|Black]] women; [[transmisogyny]], the intersection of misogyny and [[transphobia]] faced by [[trans woman|trans women]] and [[transfeminine]] people; and transmisogynoir, the confluence of these faced by black trans women and transfeminine people.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Kevin L. |editor-last=Nadal |title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Psychology and Gender |year=2017 |entry=Transmisogyny |page=<!--4197?-->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor=Reger, Jo |title=Nevertheless, They Persisted: Feminisms and Continued Resistance in the U.S. Women's Movement |year=2018 |page=<!--86?--> |publisher=Taylor & Francis |quote=Julia Serano [...] coined the term 'trans misogyny' to refer to specific discrimination against trans women and trans people who express femininity. [...] 'transmisogynoir' [can] focus on the violence and discrimination experienced by black and potentially other trans women and trans feminine people of color. This concept builds on Moya Bailey's term 'misogynoir,' which specifically names the intersection of 'racism, antiblackness, and misogyny that black women experience'[.]}}</ref>