Editing Model minority (section)

==Issues==
The concept of a model minority is heavily associated with [[Culture of the United States|U.S. culture]], due to the term's origins in American [[Sociology|sociologist]] [[William Petersen (demographer)|William Petersen's]] 1966 article.<ref>{{cite web|title=model minority:WHERE DOES MODEL MINORITY COME FROM?|date=11 June 2021 |publisher=Dictionary.com|url=https://www.dictionary.com/e/historical-current-events/model-minority/}}</ref> Many [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe|European countries]] have concepts of [[Class discrimination|classism]] that [[Ethnic stereotype|stereotype ethnic groups]] in a manner which is similar to the stereotype of the model minority.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|title=Sikhs, Hindus now part of middle-class Britain|work=News18|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/sikhs-hindus-now-part-of-middle-class-britain-354653.html|access-date=2017-08-02}}</ref><ref name=Wong2015>{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Billy |title=A blessing with a curse: model minority ethnic students and the construction of educational success |journal=Oxford Review of Education |date=2 November 2015 |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=730–746 |doi=10.1080/03054985.2015.1117970 |s2cid=56105018 |url=https://centaur.reading.ac.uk/69981/1/Wong%202015%20-%20A%20blessing%20with%20a%20curse%20Author%20version.pdf }}</ref> Generalized statistics, such as [[higher education]] attainment rate, high representation in [[White-collar worker|white-collar]] [[professional]] and managerial occupations, and a higher [[Disposable household and per capita income|household income]] than other [[Race and ethnicity in the United States|racial groups in the United States]] are often cited in support of model-minority status.

A [[List of common misconceptions|common misconception]] is that the affected communities typically take pride in being [[Labelling|labeled]] as a model minority. However, the model minority [[stereotype]] is considered detrimental to relevant minority communities because it is used to justify the exclusion of such groups in the distribution of (public and private) assistance programs, and it is also used to understate or slight the achievements of individuals within that minority.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

There are a wide variety of theories categorizing types of prejudices, and different types of prejudices are believed to be more at play towards different particular groups, one such model being the [[stereotype content model]]. Generally speaking, within the [[United States|American]] and [[Europe]]an social context, groups such as those with Asian heritage or Jewish heritage are believed to score high on perceived competence but low on perceived warmth and thus are thought to fall into the category of the 'envied outgroup'<ref>{{cite journal | last=Lin | first=Monica H. | display-authors=etal | date=January 2005 | title=Stereotype Content Model Explains Prejudice for an Envied Outgroup: Scale of Anti-Asian American Stereotypes | doi=10.1177/0146167204271320 | volume=31 | issue=1 | journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | pages=34–47 | publisher=Sage Journals | pmid=15574660 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167204271320| url-access=subscription }}</ref> within the context of this stereotype. Additional studies have shown that when describing a group with the term 'model minority' and associated attributes, responses towards the [[in-group and out-group|out-group]] were significantly more negative than those using other positive attributes.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Maddux | first=William W. | display-authors=etal | title=When Being a Model Minority is Good ...and Bad: Realistic Threat Explains Negativity Towards Asian Americans | date=January 1, 2008 | volume=34 | issue=1 | doi=10.1177/0146167207309195 | publisher=Sage Journals | journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin | pages=74–89 | pmid=18162657 | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167207309195| url-access=subscription }}</ref> Other scholars have discussed the potential for the stereotype to be the 'positive spin' on the money-mad, stealing and/or greedy Jew or Asian.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Freeman | first=Jonathan | title=Transgressions of a Model Minority | publisher=Purdue University Press | journal=Shofar| volume=23 | number=4 | pages=69–97| series=Special Issue: Race and Jews in America | jstor=42944291 | date=Summer 2005 | doi=10.1353/sho.2005.0147 | issn=1534-5165 <!---web version, print issn is different---> | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/185475/summary| url-access=subscription }}</ref> Recent additional studies have delved into the role of jealous prejudice in instigating certain historical mass casualty events, such as the [[Holocaust]], noting that the theory of the venting of frustrations on an innocent but weak target is a notion that is part of popular "folk psychology" and should be re-examined, arguing instead that envious prejudice plays a relevant role in [[scapegoating]]<ref>{{cite book | last=Glick | first=Peter | chapter=Sacrificial Lambs Dressed in Wolves' Clothing: Envious Prejudice, Ideology, and the Scapegoating of Jews | doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195133622.003.0006 <!---for chapter---> | pages=112–142 | date=September 26, 2002 |title=Understanding Genocide: The Social Psychology of the Holocaust | editor-last=Newman | editor-last2=Erber|editor-first=Leonard H. | editor-first2=Ralph | isbn=9780195133622 <!---for online version---> | format=online | access-date=September 13, 2023 | publisher=Oxford University Press | chapter-url=https://academic.oup.com/book/6719/chapter/150797824 | url=https://academic.oup.com/book/6719}}</ref> in some social contexts.

The concept of the model minority has generated controversy due to its historical application to suggest that [[Economic interventionism|economic intervention]] by governments is unnecessary to address socioeconomic disparities among particular racial groups.<ref name=":8">{{cite news|last=Petersen|first=William|date=9 January 1966|title=Success Story, Japanese-American Style|newspaper=The New York Times|url=http://inside.sfuhs.org/dept/history/US_History_reader/Chapter14/modelminority.pdf|access-date=9 January 2016}}</ref>

Furthermore, the notion of the model minority pits [[minority group]]s against one another through the implication that non-model groups [[victim blaming|are at fault]] for falling short of the model minority level of achievement.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Choi|first1=Yoonsun|last2=Lahey|first2=Benjamin B.|date=2006-09-01|title=Testing the Model Minority Stereotype: Youth Behaviors across Racial and Ethnic Groups|journal=[[The Social Service Review]]|volume=80|issue=3|pages=419–52|doi=10.1086/505288|pmc=3093248|pmid=21572913}}</ref> The concept has been criticized by outlets such as [[NPR]] and [[EU Scream]] for potentially [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|homogenizing]] the experiences of Asian communities on one side and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanics]] and [[African Americans]] on the other, despite the fact that individual groups experience [[racism]] in different ways.<ref name=":3"/><ref name="EU">{{cite podcast |url= https://euscream.com/model-minority-myths/|title=Model Minority Myths |website=EU Scream |publisher= |host= James Kanter|date=14 August 2022 |time= |access-date=15 August 2022}}</ref> Critics also argue that the idea perpetuates the belief that any minority has the capability to economically rise without assistance because it ignores the differences between the [[history of Asian Americans]] and the [[African-American history|history of African Americans]], as well as [[History of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States|the history of Hispanics]], in the United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inheritancemag.com/article/the-model-minority-myth-and-the-wedge-between-black-and-white-america|title=The Model Minority Myth and the Wedge Between Black and White America [Updated] |work=Inheritance|access-date=2018-11-06}}</ref> It has also been pointed out that the concept, which also has been criticized for over generalizing the success of some community members, has been used to invalidate and render less visible the racism faced by model minorities.<ref>{{cite web| title=The Model Minority Myth: How Its Generalizations Have Hurt Asian America and Other Minorities | author-last=PARMAR| author-first=SIMRATH | publisher=Fortham University | url=https://rhetorikos.blog.fordham.edu/?p=2146}}</ref> Additionally, over generalizing based on a measure success for some members to make the point that racism is over and anyone stating otherwise is "making excuses" is not exclusive to those groups who have been called model minorities, and became a problem for some members of the African American community after [[Barack Obama]]'s Presidential election.<ref>{{cite web| title=White People Think One Black Person's Success Proves Racism Is Over| author-last=Hiscott|author-first=Rebecca | date=10 June 2014|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/racism-success-study_n_5474419}}</ref>