Editing Modern architecture (section)

==Origins==
{{main article|Modernism}}
Modern architecture emerged at the end of the 19th century from revolutions in technology, engineering, and building materials, and from a desire to break away from historical architectural styles and invent something that was purely functional and new.

The revolution in materials came first, with the use of [[cast iron]], [[drywall]], [[plate glass]], and reinforced concrete, to build structures that were stronger, lighter, and taller. The [[cast plate glass]] process was invented in 1848, allowing the manufacture of very large windows. [[The Crystal Palace]] by [[Joseph Paxton]] at the [[Great Exhibition]] of 1851 was an early example of iron and plate glass construction, followed in 1864 by the first glass and metal [[curtain wall (architecture)|curtain wall]]. These developments together led to the first steel-framed skyscraper, the ten-story [[Home Insurance Building]] in Chicago, built in 1884 by [[William Le Baron Jenney]]{{Sfn|Bony|2012|pages=42–43}} and based on the works of Viollet le Duc.

French industrialist François Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings.<ref name="britannia">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francois-Coignet |title=François Coignet &#124; French house builder |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-storey house in the suburbs of Paris.<ref name="britannia"/> A further important step forward was the invention of the safety [[elevator]] by [[Elisha Otis]], first demonstrated at the [[New York Crystal Palace]] exposition in 1854, which made tall office and apartment buildings practical.{{Sfn|Bony|2012|page=42}} Another important technology for the new architecture was electric light, which greatly reduced the inherent danger of fires caused by gas in the 19th century.{{Sfn|Bony|2012|page=16}}
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File:Bauakademie Schinkel (Eduard Gaertner).jpg|The Berlin [[Bauakademie]], by [[Karl Friedrich Schinkel]] (1832–36), is considered one of the forerunners of modern architecture due to its hithertofore relatively streamlined [[façade]] of the building
File:Crystal Palace.PNG|[[The Crystal Palace]] (1851) was one of the first buildings to have [[cast plate glass]] windows supported by a [[cast-iron]] frame
File:Maison François Coignet 2.jpg|The first house built of reinforced concrete, designed by François Coignet (1853) in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]] near Paris
File:Home Insurance Building.JPG|The [[Home Insurance Building]] in Chicago, by [[William Le Baron Jenney]] (1884)
File:Construction tour eiffel5.JPG|The [[Eiffel Tower]] being constructed (August 1887–89)
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The debut of new materials and techniques inspired architects to break away from the neoclassical and eclectic models that dominated European and American architecture in the late 19th century, most notably [[Eclecticism in art|eclecticism]], [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] and [[Edwardian architecture]], and the [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts architectural style]].<ref>Crouch, Christopher. 2000. "Modernism in Art Design and Architecture", New York: St. Martins Press.{{ISBN|0-312-21830-3}} (cloth) {{ISBN|0-312-21832-X}} (pbk)</ref> This break with the past was particularly urged by the architectural theorist and historian [[Eugène Viollet-le-Duc]]. In his 1872 book ''Entretiens sur l'architecture'', he urged: "use the means and knowledge given to us by our times, without the intervening traditions which are no longer viable today, and in that way we can inaugurate a new architecture. For each function its material; for each material its form and its ornament."<ref>Viollet-le-Duc, ''Entretiens sur l'architecture''</ref> This book influenced a generation of architects, including [[Louis Sullivan]], [[Victor Horta]], [[Hector Guimard]], and [[Antoni Gaudí]].{{Sfn|Bouillon|1985|page=24}}