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Molecular phylogenetics
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==History== {{Further|History of molecular evolution}} The theoretical frameworks for molecular [[systematics]] were laid in the 1960s in the works of [[Emile Zuckerkandl]], [[Emanuel Margoliash]], [[Linus Pauling]], and [[Walter M. Fitch]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Suárez-Díaz, Edna |author2=Anaya-Muñoz, Victor H. |name-list-style=amp |year=2008 |title= History, objectivity, and the construction of molecular phylogenies |pmid=19026976 |doi=10.1016/j.shpsc.2008.09.002 |journal=Stud. Hist. Phil. Biol. & Biomed. Sci. |volume=39 |pages=451–468 |issue=4}}</ref> Applications of molecular systematics were pioneered by [[Charles Sibley|Charles G. Sibley]] ([[bird]]s), [[Herbert C. Dessauer]] ([[herpetology]]), and [[Morris Goodman (scientist)|Morris Goodman]] ([[primate]]s), followed by [[Allan Wilson (biologist)|Allan C. Wilson]], [[Robert K. Selander]], and [[John C. Avise]] (who studied various groups). Work with [[protein electrophoresis]] began around 1956. Although the results were not quantitative and did not initially improve on morphological classification, they provided tantalizing hints that long-held notions of the classifications of [[bird]]s, for example, needed substantial revision. In the period of 1974–1986, [[DNA–DNA hybridization]] was the dominant technique used to measure genetic difference.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ahlquist, Jon E. |year=1999 |title=Charles G. Sibley: A commentary on 30 years of collaboration |journal=The Auk |volume=116 |issue=3 |url=http://sora.unm.edu/node/26122 |pages=856–860 |doi=10.2307/4089352 |jstor=4089352 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
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