Editing Monarchy of Spain (section)

==History==
{{See also|Spanish Empire}}
[[File:Arbol-borbon.gif|thumb|125px|right|Dynastic line from the first [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] kings to Felipe VI]]
The monarchy in Spain has its roots in the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] and its Christian [[successor states]] of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]] (later [[kingdom of Leon|Leon]] and [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]]) and [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], which fought the ''Reconquista'' or Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula following the [[Umayyad conquest of Hispania]] in the 8th century. One of the earliest influential dynasties was the [[Jiménez dynasty|House of Jiménez]] which united much of Christian Iberia under its leadership in the 11th century. From [[Sancho III of Navarre]] (r. 1000–1035) until [[Urraca of León and Castile]] (r. 1106–1125), members of the Jiménez family claimed the historic Visigothic title ''Imperator totius Hispaniae'' or ''[[Imperator totius Hispaniae|Emperor of All Spain]]''. The Jiménez rulers sought to bring their kingdoms into the European mainstream and often engaged in cross-[[Pyrenees]] alliances and marriages, and became patrons to [[Cluniac Reforms]] (c. 950–c. 1130). Urraca's son and heir [[Alfonso VII of León and Castile]], the first of the Spanish branch of the [[Anscarids|Burgundy Family]], was the last to claim the imperial title ''of Spain'', but divided his empire among his sons. The [[Castilian Civil War]] (1366 to 1369) ended with the death of [[Peter of Castile|King Peter]] (r. 1334–1369) at the hands of his illegitimate half-brother [[Henry II of Castile|Henry, 1st Count of Trastámara]] who ruled as Henry II (r. 1369–1379). Henry II became the first of the [[House of Trastámara]] to rule over a Spanish kingdom. King Peter's heiress, his granddaughter [[Catherine of Lancaster]], married [[Henry III of Castile|Henry III]], reuniting the dynasties in the person of their son, [[John II of Castile|King John II]].

===Marital union of the Catholic Monarchs===
{{Main|Catholic Monarchs}}
{{See also|Composite monarchy|Dynastic union|Personal union}}
In the 15th century, the marriage between [[Isabella I of Castile]] and [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]], both members of the [[House of Trastámara]], known as the [[Catholic Monarchs]], united two important kingdoms of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. Each kingdom retained its basic structure. The last [[pretender]] of the crown of the [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Andreas Palaiologos]], who styled himself as "Emperor of Constantinople", bestowed his imperial title to Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in his last testament,<ref>19. P.K. Enepekides, `Das Wiener Testament des Andreas Palaiologos vom 7 April 1502', Akten des XI Internationalen Byzantinisten Kongresses, München 1958, ed. F. Dölger and H.G. Beck (Munich, 1960) 138–43, esp. 138.</ref> dated 7 April 1502,<ref>Norwich, John Julius, ''Byzantium – The Decline and Fall'', p. 446.</ref> although the Spanish monarchs have never used the title. In 1492 the Catholic Monarchs conquered the [[Kingdom of Granada]] in southern Spain, the last Muslim territory in the Iberian peninsula. The unification of Spain is marked from this date, though the Spanish kingdoms continued past that date. 

The territories of the [[Spanish Empire]] overseas were dependencies of the Crown of Castile, and Castile had an outsized influence there.<ref>James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoBzwABlZEC&dq=Early%20Latin%20America.%20New%20York%3A%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201983&pg=PA19 Early Latin America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045158/https://books.google.com/books?id=jzoBzwABlZEC&dq=Early%20Latin%20America.%20New%20York:%20Cambridge%20University%20Press%201983&pg=PA19 |date=5 April 2023 }}''. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, p. 19.</ref> Following the Spanish explorations and settlement in the Caribbean, the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire]] and the [[Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire]], the crown established high courts ("Audiencias") and [[viceroyalties]] in important regions ([[Real Audiencia of Mexico|Mexico]], 1535; [[Real Audiencia of Panama|Panama]], 1538, which was later replaced by [[Real Audiencia of Lima|Lima]], 1542). The viceroy (vice-king) and the Audiencias were the effective administrators of royal policy.

===Habsburg Monarchy===
{{Main|Habsburg Spain}}
In 1505, the Spanish monarchy passed to the [[House of Habsburg]] in the person of King [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles I]] (also [[Holy Roman Emperor]] as Charles V), son of Queen [[Joanna of Castile|Joanna]] and King [[Philip I of Castile]] (usually [[Philip the Handsome]] in English). With the death of [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] in 1516 the Aragonese lands were added to Charles and Joanna's territories.  With his mother and co-monarch Joanna confined in [[Tordesillas]], claimed to be mad, Charles I was the sole ruler, but the legal situation remained slightly ambiguous until her death in 1555 left Charles the undoubted sole monarch, though as Holy Roman Emperor it was not his principal title. Only in the reign of his son [[Philip II of Spain]] from 1556 did "King of Spain" become the usual way to refer to the monarch, in Spain and the rest of Europe. 

Philip's reign marked the peak of the [[Spanish Golden Age]] (1492–1659), a period of great [[Spanish Empire|colonial expansion]] and trade. The Hispanic Crown retained control over and profited from all operations in overseas colonies (by and large royal assets under a monopoly on trade), including [[History of slavery|slave trade]], developed under the purview of the {{lang|es|regalía}} late-medieval system.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.openedition.org/cidehus/6404?lang=es|chapter=La esclavitud en los imperios coloniales americanos: tráfico y mercados|first=Oscar|last=Bergasa Perdomo|title=El tabaco y la esclavitud en la rearticulación imperial ibérica (s. XV-XX)|editor-first=Santiago de|editor-last=Luxán Meléndez|editor-first2=João|editor-last2=Figueirôa-Rêgo|year=2018|doi=10.4000/books.cidehus.5987|isbn=9791036531132|access-date=24 April 2022|archive-date=24 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424204612/https://books.openedition.org/cidehus/6404?lang=es|url-status=live}}</ref> The death in 1700 of [[Charles II of Spain|Charles II]], last of the Spanish Habsburgs, triggered the [[War of the Spanish succession]].

===Bourbon Monarchy===
{{See also|Enlightenment in Spain|Bourbon Reforms}}
With the death of the childless Charles II, the succession to the throne was disputed. Charles II had designated his sister [[Maria Theresa of Spain|Maria Theresa]]'s grandson, [[Philip V of Spain|Philip of France]], [[Duke of Anjou]], as his heir. The possible unification of Spain with France, the two big European powers at the time, sparked the [[Spanish War of Succession]] in the 18th century, culminating in the treaties of [[Treaty of Utrecht (1713)|Utrecht (1713)]] and [[First Congress of Rastatt|Rastatt (1714)]], which preserved the European [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]].

[[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] was the first member of the [[House of Bourbon#Bourbons of Spain and Italy|House of Bourbon]] (Spanish: ''Borbón'') to rule Spain. That dynasty still rules today under Felipe (Philip) VI.

In the mid-eighteenth century, particularly under [[Charles III of Spain]], the Spanish Crown embarked on an ambitious and far-reaching project to implement major reforms in the administration of Spain and the [[Spanish Empire]]. These changes, collectively known as the [[Bourbon Reforms]], attempted to rationalize administration and produce more revenue from the overseas empire.<ref>James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, ''Early Latin America''. New York: Cambridge University Press 1983, pp. 346–52, 359–68.</ref>

During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the French Emperor [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] forced [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]] to [[abdicate]] in 1808, and the Bourbons became a focus of popular resistance against French rule. However, Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]], as well as his ministerial appointments, particularly the exclusion of liberals, gradually eroded popular support for the Spanish monarchy. With the [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1830]], Ferdinand set aside the [[Salic law]], introduced by Philip V, that prohibited women from becoming sovereigns of Spain. Thereby, as had been customary before the arrival of the Bourbons, Ferdinand VII's eldest daughter [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella]] became his [[Early life of Isabella II of Spain|heiress presumptive]]. Opponents of the Pragmatic Sanction argued that it was never officially promulgated, claiming Ferdinand VII's younger brother, [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Prince Carlos]], the rightful heir to the crown according to the Salic Law.

===First Spanish Republic===
{{Main|First Spanish Republic}}
In September 1873, the [[First Spanish Republic]] was founded. A [[coup d'état]] restored the Bourbon dynasty to the throne in 1874.

===Second Spanish Republic and dictatorship of Francisco Franco===
[[File:Símbolos_de_la_Monarquía_Española.png|thumb|Spanish Royal Crown and Scepter]]
{{Main|Second Spanish Republic}}
{{See also|Spanish Civil War|Dictatorship of Francisco Franco}}

In [[1931 Spanish local elections]] produced victories (particularly in urban areas) for candidates favoring an end to the monarchy and the establishment of a republic. Faced with unrest in the cities, [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]] went into exile, but did not abdicate. The ensuing provisional government evolved into the relatively short-lived [[Second Spanish Republic]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in 1936 and ended on 1 April 1939 with the victory of General [[Francisco Franco]] and his coalition of allied organizations commonly referred to as the Nationalists. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany aided Franco in the Spanish Civil War. The Soviet Union backed the Republican Government as did Mexico under the government of [[Lázaro Cárdenas]].

After sixteen years without monarchy or kingdom, in 1947, Spain was made a kingdom again by General Franco, who claimed to rule as "Head of state of the Kingdom of Spain" through the [[Law of Succession to the Headship of the State|Law of Succession]]. However, without a king on the throne, he ruled through a coalition of allied organizations from the Spanish Civil War including, but not limited to, the [[FET y de las JONS|Falange]] political party, the supporters of the Bourbon royal family, and the [[Carlism|Carlists]], until his death in 1975.

===Re-establishment of the Monarchy===
{{Main|Reign of Juan Carlos I of Spain}}
Despite Franco's alliance with the Carlists, Franco appointed [[Juan Carlos I|Juan Carlos de Borbón]] as his successor, who is credited with presiding over [[Spanish transition to democracy|Spain's transition from dictatorship to democracy]] by fully endorsing political reforms.

Impatient with the pace of democratic reforms, the new king, known for his formidable personality, dismissed [[Carlos Arias Navarro]] and appointed the reformer [[Adolfo Suárez]] as President of the Government in 1977.<ref name="From Dictatorship to Democracy">John Hooper, ''The New Spaniards'', 2001, ''From Dictatorship to Democracy''</ref><ref name="Spain's fast-living king turns 70">{{cite news|title=Spain's fast-living king turns 70|work=[[BBC News]]|date=2008-01-04|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7171971.stm|access-date=2009-06-18|archive-date=6 January 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106025042/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7171971.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The next year the king signed into law the new liberal democratic [[Constitution of Spain]], which was approved by 88% of voters. Juan Carlos' "quick wit and steady nerve" cut short the [[23-F|attempted military coup in 1981]] when the king used a specially designed command communications center in the Zarzuela Palace to denounce the coup and command the military's eleven captains general to stand down.<ref name="An Engaging Monarchy"/>

Following the events of 1981, Juan Carlos led a less eventful life, according to author John Hooper.<ref name="An Engaging Monarchy"/> Juan Carlos did not preside over ceremonies such as the opening of hospitals and bridges as often as monarchs in other nations. Instead, he worked towards establishing reliable political customs when transitioning one government administration to another, emphasizing constitutional law and protocol, and representing the Spanish State domestically and internationally, all the while aiming to maintain a professionally non-partisan yet independent monarchy.<ref name="Spanish King rebrands for recession"/><ref name="An Engaging Monarchy">John Hooper, ''The New Spaniards'', 2001, ''An Engaging Monarchy''</ref>