Editing Monarchy of Sweden (section)

== History ==
{{History of Sweden}}
{{Main|History of Sweden}}

=== Pre-16th century ===
[[File:Konungr.jpg|thumb|left|'''{{lang|non|kunuki}}''', i.e. {{lang|non|konungi}}, the [[dative case]] for [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|konungr}} ("king"). A [[rune|runic]] inscription of the 11th century ([[Uppland Runic Inscription 11|U11]]) refers to King [[Håkan the Red]].]]

Scandinavian peoples have had kings since prehistoric times. As early as the 1st century CE, [[Tacitus]] wrote that the [[Suiones]] had a king, but the order of Swedish regnal succession up until King [[Eric the Victorious]] (died 995), is known almost exclusively through accounts in historically controversial [[Norse saga]]s (see [[Mythical kings of Sweden]] and [[Semi-legendary kings of Sweden]]).

Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers limited to that of a war chief, a judge and a priest at the [[Temple at Uppsala]] (see [[Germanic king]]). However, there are thousands of [[runestone]]s commemorating commoners, but no known chronicle{{clarify|people didn't do that much writing back then|date=October 2014}} about the Swedish kings prior to the 14th century (though a list of kings was added in the [[Västgöta Law]]), and there is a relatively small number of runestones that are thought to mention kings: Gs 11 ([[Emund the Old]] – reigned 1050–1060), [[Uppland Runic Inscription 11|U 11]] ([[Håkan the Red]] – late 11th century) and [[Norsta Runestone|U 861]] ([[Blot-Sweyn]] – reigned {{circa}} 1080).

About 1000 A.D., the first king known to rule both [[Svealand]] and [[Götaland]] was [[Olof Skötkonung]], but further history for the next two centuries is obscure, with many kings whose tenures and actual influence/power remains unclear. The Royal Court of Sweden, however, does count Olof's father, Eric the Victorious, as Sweden's first king. The power of the king was greatly strengthened{{why|date=December 2017}} by the introduction of Christianity during the 11th century, and the following centuries saw a process of consolidation of power into the hands of the king. The Swedes traditionally elected a king from a favored dynasty at the [[Stones of Mora]], and the people had the right to elect the king as well as to depose him. The ceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In the 12th century, the consolidation of Sweden was still affected by dynastic struggles between the [[House of Erik|Erik]] and [[House of Sverker|Sverker]] clans, which ended when a third clan married into the Erik clan and the [[House of Bjälbo]] was established on the throne. That dynasty formed pre-[[Kalmar Union]] Sweden into a strong state, and finally King [[Magnus Eriksson]] (reigned 1319–1364) even ruled [[Norway]] (1319–1343) and [[Scania]] (1332–1360). Following the [[Black Death]],{{clarify|how it is relevant?|date=October 2014}} the union weakened, and Scania was captured by Denmark.

In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power struggles, Queen [[Margaret I of Denmark]] united Sweden (then including [[Finland]]), Denmark and Norway (then including [[Iceland]]) in the [[Kalmar Union|Union of Kalmar]] with the approval of the [[Swedish nobility]]. Continual tension within each country and the union led to open conflict between the Swedes and the Danes in the 15th century. The union's final disintegration in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry between Denmark-Norway and Sweden (with Finland) for centuries to come.

=== 16th- and 17th-century changes ===
{{Chart top|collapsed=yes|House of Vasa}}
{{Familytree/start |style=font-size:89%; |align=center}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |  | | | | | | | | |A01  | | | | | 
A01=[[File:COA sv Kettil Karlsson (Vasa).png|75px]]|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px
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{{Familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | NIL | | | | | | | NIL = {{ill|Nils Kettilsson(Vasa)(sv)|sv|Nils Kettilsson (Vasa)|vertical-align=sup}}<br /><small>(† 1378)</small>}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | KRI | | | | | | | | RAM | | KRI = {{ill|Krister Nilsson (Vasa)(sv)|sv|Krister Nilsson (Vasa)|vertical-align=sup}}<br /><small>(† 1442)</small> | RAM = Ramborg Nilsdotter<br /><small>(m. {{ill|Tord Bonde (Röriksson)(sv)|sv|Tord Bonde (Röriksson)|vertical-align=sup}})[[Bonde family]]</small>}}
{{Familytree | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |! | |}}
{{Familytree | | KAR | | | JOH | |NIL | |KRI | |KNU | | 
KAR = {{ill|Karl Kristiernsson(Vasa)|sv|Karl Kristiernsson (Vasa)|vertical-align=sup}}<br /><small>(† 1440)</small> | 
JOH = {{ill|Johan Kristiernsson(Vasa)|sv|Johan Kristiernsson (Vasa)|vertical-align=sup}}<br /><small>(† 1477)</small> | 
NIL={{ill|Nils Kristiernsson (Vasa)|sv|vertical-align=sup}}<br/><small>(† 1464)</small> | 
KRI = Kristina Kristiernsdotter<br /><small>(ép. [[Bengt Jönsson Oxenstierna|Bengt Jönsson(Oxenstierna)]])</small> | 
KNU = Knut Tordsson<br /><small>(† 1413)</small>
}}
{{Familytree | | |!| | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| |}}
{{Familytree | | KET | | | | ERI | | | | | | | | |CH8 | KET = [[Kettil Karlsson Vasa|Kettil Karlsson]]<br /><small>(v. 1433–1465)<br/> bishop of Linköping from 1459 to 1465 and Swedish regent in 1465.</small> | ERI = [[Erik Johansson Vasa]]<br /><small>(v. 1470–1520)</small> | CH8 ='''[[Charles VIII of Sweden|Charles VIII Bonde]]'''<br/>(1409–1470)<br/>{{R.|1448|1457|1464|1465|1467|1470}}
   |boxstyle_CH8=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | |GU1 | | | | | | | | |A01 |GU1='''[[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav I Eriksson Vasa]]'''<br/>(1496–1560)<br/>Regent 1521–1523<br/>{{R.|1523|1560}}|boxstyle_GU1=border-color:#F00; border-width:2px|A01=[[File:Blason de Charles VIII de Suède et de Norvège (1408-1470).svg|75px]]|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px
}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Familytree | | | | | | | |A01| | | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[File:Arms of the House of Vasa.svg|75px]]|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px
}}
{{Familytree | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|- |- |- |- |. | |}}
{{Familytree | |E14 | |JN3 | | | | | |CH9 | | |MAG | E14 = '''[[Eric XIV of Sweden|Eric XIV]]'''<br/>(1533–1577)<br/>{{R.|1560|1568}}
   |boxstyle_E14=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
| JN3 = '''[[John III of Sweden|John III]]'''<br/>(1537–1592)<br/>{{R.|1569|1592}}
   |boxstyle_JN3=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
| CH9 = '''[[Charles IX of Sweden|Charles IX]]'''<br/>(1550–1611)<br/>Regent 1599–1604<br/>{{R.|1604|1611}}|boxstyle_CH9=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
|MAG='''[[Magnus Vasa|Magnus]]'''<br/>(1542–1595)<br/>[[Duke]] of [[Östergötland]]
}}
{{Familytree | | |F |~ |~ |J |!| | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|~ |~ |~ |7 |}}
{{Familytree | |GYL | |SI3 | | | | CAT | |GU2 | |CGYL || SI3 = '''[[Sigismund III Vasa]]'''<br/>(1566–1632)<br/>{{R.|1592|1599}}
   |boxstyle_SI3=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
| CAT = [[Catherine Vasa|Catherine]]<br /><small>(1584–1638)</small> 
| GU2 = '''[[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustav II Adolph]]'''<br/>(1594–1632)<br/>{{R.|1611|1632}}
   |boxstyle_GU2=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
|GYL='''{{ill|Julius Gyllenhielm|sv|vertical-align=sup}}  {{interlanguage link|Gyllenhielm|sv}}'''<br/>(1560–1581)
|CGYL='''[[Carl Gyllenhielm]]  {{interlanguage link|Gyllenhielm|sv}}'''<br/>(1574–1650)<br/>[[List of Swedish field marshals|Swedish Field Marshal]]
}}
{{Familytree | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | |!|L |~ |~ |7|}}
{{Familytree | | | | LA4 | | J2C | |C10 | |CHR | |CCV| LA4 = '''[[Władysław IV Vasa]]'''<br/>{{small|(1595–1648)<br/>[[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland, GD of Lithuania]]<br/>{{R.|1632|1648}}}}
| J2C = '''[[John II Casimir Vasa]]'''<br/>{{small|(1609–1672)<br/>[[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland, GD of Lithuania]]<br/>{{R.|1648|1668 (abdicated)}}}}
| C10='''[[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]]'''<br/>(1622–1660)<br/>{{R.|1654|1660}}
   |boxstyle_C10=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
| CHR = '''[[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina]]'''<br/>(1626–1689)<br/>{{R.|1632|1654}}
   |boxstyle_CHR=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
|CCV='''[[Gustav of Vasaborg|Gustaf Gusstafsson]] ({{ill|Gustaf Gustafsson af Vasaborg|sv}})'''<br/>(1616–1653)<br/>[[Vasaborg|af Vasaborg]],1637 ({{ill|Vasaborg (ätt)|sv}}), Count of Nystad, 1647
}}
{{Familytree/end}}
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[[File:Gustav Vasa.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav I]], portrayed here in 1542 by [[Jakob Binck]], legally created the hereditary monarchy and organized the Swedish [[unitary state]].]]

Catholic bishops had supported the [[Monarchy of Denmark|King of Denmark]], [[Christian II of Denmark|Christian II]], but he was [[Swedish War of Liberation|overthrown in a rebellion]] led by nobleman [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]], whose father had been executed at the [[Stockholm bloodbath]]. Gustav Vasa (hereinafter referred to as Gustav I) was elected King of Sweden by the [[estates of the realm]], assembled in [[Strängnäs]] on 6 June 1523.

Inspired by the teachings of [[Martin Luther]], Gustav I used the Protestant [[Reformation]] to curb the power of the Roman [[Catholic Church]]. In 1527 he persuaded the [[estates of the realm]], assembled in the city of [[Västerås]], to confiscate church lands, which comprised 21% of the country's farmland. At the same time, he broke with the [[Pope|papacy]] and established a reformed [[state church]]: the [[Church of Sweden]].{{#tag:ref|A complete Lutheran church ordinance was not presented until the [[Swedish Church Ordinance 1571]], with a [[statement of faith]] finalized by the [[Uppsala Synod]] in 1593.|group=n|name=n2}} Throughout his reign, Gustav I suppressed both aristocratic and [[Dacke War|peasant opposition]] to his ecclesiastical policies and efforts at centralisation, which to some extent laid the foundation for the modern Swedish [[unitary state]]. Legally Sweden has only been a [[hereditary monarchy]] since 1544 when the [[Riksdag of the Estates]], through ''Västerås arvförening'', designated the sons of King Gustav I as the heirs to the Throne.{{#tag:ref|The powers of the king were originally regulated by a section of the written legal code called ''Konungabalk'' (''Kings' partition'') from medieval times until 1734, when [[Civil Code of 1734|a new law code]] of Sweden was adopted and that section was removed. The new law code of Sweden was adopted after a long period of inquiries by [[royal commission]]s since the days of [[Charles IX of Sweden|Charles IX]] (late 16th/early 17th century)|group=n|name=n3}}

Tax reforms took place in 1538 and 1558, whereby multiple complex taxes on independent farmers were simplified and standardised throughout the district{{clarify|what district?|date=October 2014}} and tax assessments per farm were adjusted to reflect ability to pay. Crown tax revenues increased, but more importantly the new system was perceived as fairer. A war with [[Lübeck]] in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the [[Hanseatic League|Hanseatic traders]], who previously had had a monopoly on foreign trade. With its own burghers in charge, Sweden's economic strength grew rapidly, and by 1544 Gustav controlled 60% of the farmlands in all of Sweden. Sweden now built the first modern army in Europe, supported by a sophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Glete|first=Jan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hI5agv3IDGIC&q=questia+Glete,+War+and+the+State|title=War and the State in Early Modern Europe: Spain, the Dutch Republic and Sweden as Fiscal-military States, 1500–1660|date=2002|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-22644-8}}</ref>

At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeeded by his oldest son [[Eric XIV of Sweden|Eric XIV]]. His reign was marked by Sweden's entrance into the [[Livonian War]] and the [[Northern Seven Years' War]]. The combination of Eric's developing [[mental disorder]] and his opposition to the aristocracy led to the [[Sture Murders]] in 1567 and the imprisonment of his brother [[John III of Sweden|John (III)]], who was married to [[Catherine Jagiellon]], sister of King [[Sigismund II of Poland]].<ref>Article "Johan III", from [[Nordisk familjebok]]</ref> In 1568 Eric was dethroned and succeeded by John III. In domestic politics John III showed clear [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] sympathies, inspired by his queen, creating friction with the Swedish clergy and nobility. He reintroduced several Catholic traditions previously abolished, and his foreign policy was affected by his family connection to the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], where his eldest son had been made King [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] in 1587.{{#tag:ref|No [[regnal number]]{{snd}}just ''Sigismund''{{snd}}is used when referring to [[Sigismund III Vasa]] as King of Sweden.|group="n"|name="n20"}} Following the death of his father, Sigismund tried to [[Polish–Swedish union|rule Sweden from Poland]], leaving Sweden under the control of a [[regent]] – his paternal uncle (Gustav I's youngest son) [[Charles IX of Sweden|Charles (IX)]] – but was unable to defend his Swedish throne against the ambitions of his uncle. In 1598 Sigismund and his Swedish-Polish army were defeated at the [[Battle of Stångebro]] by the forces of Charles, and he was declared deposed by the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Estates]] in 1599.

[[File:Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle at Breitenfeld.jpg|thumb|upright|''The Lion of the North'': King [[Gustavus Adolphus]] depicted at the turning point of the [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)]] against the forces of [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly]]]]

In 1604, the Estates finally recognized the regent and de facto ruler as King Charles IX. His short reign was one of uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the breakup of Russia involved him in overseas contests for the possession of [[Duchy of Livonia (1629–1721)|Livonia]] and [[Duchy of Ingria|Ingria]], the [[Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)]] and the [[Ingrian War]], while his pretensions to claim [[Laponia (historical province)|Lapland]] brought on a war with [[Denmark]] ([[Kalmar War]]) in the last year of his reign.{{#tag:ref|The war against Denmark was concluded in 1613 with a peace treaty, which did not cost Sweden any territory, but Sweden was nevertheless forced to pay a heavy indemnity to Denmark ([[Treaty of Knäred]]) in order to regain control of [[Älvsborg Fortress]].|group=n|name=n1}}

[[Gustavus Adolphus]] inherited three wars from his father when he ascended to the throne. From 1612, when Count [[Axel Oxenstierna]] was appointed [[Lord High Chancellor of Sweden|Lord High Chancellor]], which he remained until Gustavus Adolphus's death, the two men struck a long and successful partnership and complemented each other well: In Oxenstierna's own words, his "cool" balanced the King's "heat".<ref name="Trettioåriga kriget">{{cite book|last1=Ericson Wolke|first1=Lars|last2=Larsson|first2=Villstrand|title=Trettioåriga kriget|editor=Historiska Media|year=2006|pages=145–148|publisher=Historiska media|isbn=91-85377-37-6|language=sv}}</ref><ref name="Nordisk Familjebok - Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna">{{cite web|url=https://runeberg.org/nfbt/0622.html|title=Nordisk Familjebok – Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna|year=1914|work=Nordisk Familjebok at runeberg.org|language=sv|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-date=20 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020093126/https://runeberg.org/nfbt/0622.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The war against Russia (the [[Ingrian War]]) ended in 1617 with the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]], which excluded Russia from the Baltic Sea. The final inherited war, the [[Polish–Swedish War (1600–1629)|war against Poland]], ended in 1629 with the [[Truce of Altmark]], which transferred the large province of [[Swedish Livonia|Livonia]] to Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for subsequent intervention in the [[Thirty Years' War]] in Germany, where Swedish forces had [[Siege of Stralsund (1628)|already established a bridgehead in 1628]]. [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] was torn apart by a quarrel between the Protestants and the Catholics. When Gustavus Adolphus [[Treaty of Stettin (1630)|began his push]] into northern Germany in June–July 1630, he had just 4,000 soldiers. But he was soon able to consolidate the [[Protestant]] position in the north, using reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by France at the [[Treaty of Bärwalde]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Prinz|first=Oliver C.|title=Der Einfluss von Heeresverfassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Militärstrafrechts|volume=7|series=Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechtsgeschichte|year=2005|publisher=V&R unipress|isbn=3-89971-129-7|location=Osnabrück|language=de|pages=40–41}} Referring to {{cite book|last=Kroener|first=Bernhard R.|chapter=Militärgeschichte des Mittelalters und der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger zum Söldner|editor-last=Neugebauer|editor-first=Karl-Volker|title=Grundzüge der deutschen Militärgeschichte|volume=1|location=Freiburg|year=1993|publisher=Rombach|language=de|page=32}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Meanwhile, a [[Catholic League (German)|Catholic army]] under Tilly was laying waste to [[Saxony]]. Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly's army and crushed it at the [[Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)|First Battle of Breitenfeld]] in September 1631. He then marched clear across Germany, establishing his winter quarters near the [[Rhine]], making plans for the invasion of the rest of the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded [[Bavaria]], a staunch ally of the [[Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor]]. He forced the withdrawal of his Catholic opponents at the [[Battle of Rain]]. In the summer of that year, he sought a political solution that would preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving these objectives depended on his continued success on the battlefield.|group="n"|name="n17"}} Gustavus Adolphus was killed at the [[Battle of Lützen (1632)|1632 Battle of Lützen]]. Queen [[Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg|Maria Eleonora]] and the [[Privy Council of Sweden|king's ministers]] took over the government of the Realm on behalf of Gustavus Adolphus' underage daughter [[Christina I of Sweden|Christina]], until she reached the [[age of majority]]. Gustavus Adolphus is often regarded by military historians as one of the greatest military commanders of all time, with innovative use of [[combined arms]]. {{#tag:ref|In Chapter V of [[Carl von Clausewitz]]' ''[[On War]]'', he lists Gustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding military leader, along with: [[Alexander the Great]], [[Julius Caesar]], [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese]], [[Charles XII]], [[Frederick the Great]] and [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte. |group=n|name=n8}}

[[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina]] succeeded her father aged six. A regency government ruled in her name until she turned 18 years of age. During the regency, Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna wrote the [[1634 Instrument of Government]], which although never approved by any monarch, continued to have an important normative role in the state administration. Christina early on showed an interest in literature and the sciences and famously brought [[René Descartes]] to Sweden. Sweden continued to be involved in the Thirty Years' War during reign of Christina and that conflict was settled at the 1648 [[Peace of Westphalia]], and the Swedish monarch received representation at the [[Imperial Diet (Holy Roman Empire)|Imperial Diet]] due to the German conquests ([[Bremen-Verden]] and [[Swedish Pomerania]]) that were made.{{#tag:ref|Although the local conflict with Denmark-Norway, as part of the Thirty Years' War was settled at the Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645), in which the Danes ceded the Norwegian provinces of [[Jämtland]], [[Härjedalen]] and [[Älvdalen Municipality|Idre & Särna]] as well as the Danish [[Baltic Sea]] islands of [[Gotland]] and [[Saaremaa|Ösel]]. Sweden was furthermore exempted from the [[Sound Dues]] and received the Danish province of [[Halland]] for a period of 30 years as a guarantee of these provisions.|group=n|name=n10}} Having decided not to marry, Christina abdicated the throne on 5 June 1654 in favor of her cousin [[Charles X Gustav]], went abroad, and converted to [[Roman Catholicism]].

{{Chart top|collapsed=yes|[[House of Wittelsbach]] (Palatine-Zweibrucken branch) on the Swedish Throne}}
{{Familytree/start |style=font-size:89%; |align=center}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| |A01 | |Sig| |Gu2| |Cat|y|Joc| | | | | | Fr3H-G | 
 |A01=[[File:Sigismund Vasa arms.png|75px]]|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px
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   |boxstyle_Sig=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |Gu2='''[[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden|Gustav II Adolph]]'''<br/>(1594–1632)<br/>{{R.|1611|1632}}
   |boxstyle_Gu2=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |Cat=[[Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg|Princess Catherine]]<br/>(1584–1638)
 |Joc=[[John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg]]<br/>1589–1652 |Fr3H-G=[[Frederick III, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]]<br/>(1597–1659)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |!| | | | |,|^|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | |`|-|-|-|.| 
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{{Tree chart|border=1| | |LAD | |CAS | |Chr| |C10| |A01 | |Chm|y|Fre| |!| 
 |A01=[[File:Armoiries Suède Palatinat1.svg|75px]]<br/>'''{{Small|{{Color| #00008B |[[House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken|House of Sweden—Palatine-Zweibrücken]]}}}}'''|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px
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 |Chm=[[Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken]]<br/>(1616–1662)
 |Fre=[[Frederick VI, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]]<br/>(1617–1677)
 |LAD = '''[[Władysław IV Vasa]]'''<br/>{{small|(1595–1648)<br/>[[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland, GD of Lithuania]]<br/>{{R.|1632|1648}}}}
 |CAS = '''[[John II Casimir Vasa]]'''<br/>{{small|(1609–1672)<br/>[[List of Polish monarchs|King of Poland, GD of Lithuania]]<br/>{{R.|1648|1668 (abdicated)}}}} 
}}

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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |C11| |Jof|y|Joa| |Fmb| |CA-HG|
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   |boxstyle_C11=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |Fmb=[[Frederick VII, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]]<br/>(1647–1709)
 |Joa=Johanna Elisabeth of Baden-Durlach<br/>(1651–1680)
 |Jof=[[John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]<br/>1654–1686 |CA-HG=[[Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]]<br/>(1641–1695)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | |,|-|'| | | | | |!| | | |!| 
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{{Tree chart|border=1| |HED | |Fr1|~|Ule| |C12| |Dor|y|Jor| |Alf|y|Cha
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 |Dor=[[Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach]]<br/>(1676–1731)
 |Jor=[[Johann Reinhard III, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]<br/>(1665–1736)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | |! | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | | |,|-|'| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |CFR |y |APET | | | | | |Lou|y|Chl| | | | | |Adf
 |CFR='''[[Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Charles Frederick]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Duke of Schleswig-<br/>Holstein-Gottorp]]'''<br/>'''r. 1702–1739'''<br/>1700–1739}}|boxstyle_A02=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B
 |APET='''[[Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''daughter & eventual heiress of [[Peter the Great]]'''<br/>'''r. 1725–1728'''<br/>1708–1728}}
 |Chl=[[Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg]]<br/>(1700–1726)
 |Lou=[[Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt]]<br/>(1691–1768)
 |Adf='''[[Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]]'''<br/>(1710–1771)<br/>{{R.|1751|1771}}
   |boxstyle_Adf=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |A02 |! | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | |,|-|'|A01 | 
 |A01=[[File:Blason dynastie Holstein-Gottorp (branche suèdoise).svg|75px]]<br/>'''{{Small|{{Color| #00008B |[[House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)]]}}}}'''|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px
 |A02=[[File:Arms of the House Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.png|50px]]<br/>[[House of Romanov#House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov|'''{{Small|{{Color|#006600|House of Holstein-<br/>Gottorp-Romanov}}}}''']]|boxstyle_A02=border-width:0px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | |PET3 | | | | | | | |Geo| | | | | | | | |!| 
 |PET3='''[[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]]'''<br/>'''r. 1762–1762'''<br/>1728–1762}}|boxstyle_PET3=border-width:2px; border-color:#FFD700
 |Geo=[[Prince George William of Hesse-Darmstadt]]<br/>(1722–1782)
}}

{{Familytree/end}}
{{chart bottom}}

[[File:Charles XI of Sweden.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]] at the [[Battle of Lund]] in 1676. Painting by [[David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl]].]]
The Estates elected [[Charles X Gustav]] as their new King, and his short reign is best characterized by [[Second Northern War|foreign wars]]: [[Deluge (history)|first a lengthy campaign within Poland]] and then with Denmark. In the latter case, the risky 1658 [[March across the Belts]] which resulted in the [[Treaty of Roskilde]], would prove to be the largest permanent territorial gain Sweden ever had: [[Skåne]], [[Blekinge]] and [[Bohuslän]] now became Swedish provinces and have remained so ever since. Charles X Gustav was not satisfied, as he wanted to crush Denmark once and for all, but the [[Assault on Copenhagen (1659)|1659 Assault on Copenhagen]] did not prove successful for the Swedes, largely due to the Dutch [[Battle of the Sound|naval intervention]] to the aid of the Danes.

Charles X Gustav died in [[Gothenburg]] in 1660 and as the Crown passed to his five-year-old son [[Charles XI of Sweden|Charles XI]], a new regency government would assume the responsibilities of the state. The regency government, composed of aristocrats and led by Chancellor Count [[Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie]], was more interested in feathering their own nests rather than working in the interest of the country at large. When Charles XI came of age in 1672, the effectiveness of the armed forces had seriously deteriorated and the country was ill-prepared as the King of Denmark, [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]], [[Scanian War|invaded to settle old scores]]. The Danes were [[Peace of Lund|ultimately unsuccessful]] in their attempts, and Charles XI undertook several measures to prevent what had just almost happened from occurring again: reducing the influence of the aristocracy by [[Reduction (Sweden)|nationalizing estates and properties]] which had been handed out to them by his predecessors, introducing the [[Allotment system]] ({{langx|sv|indelningsverket}}) which would form the basis of the armed forces until the 20th century, and with the support of the Estates he was declared in 1680 an [[absolute monarch]].

Charles XI was succeeded by his son, [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]], who would prove to be an extremely able military commander, defeating far larger enemies with the small but highly professional Swedish army. His defeat of the Russians [[Battle of Narva (1700)|at Narva]] when just 18 years old was to be his greatest victory. However his campaigning at the head of his army during the [[Great Northern War]] would ultimately lead to catastrophic defeat at the [[Battle of Poltava]] after which he spent several years in [[Moldova|Turkey (now Moldova)]]. Some years later he was killed at the [[Siege of Fredriksten]] during an attempt to invade Norway. The Swedish Age of Greatness ({{langx|sv|stormaktstiden}}) had ended.{{#tag:ref|Sweden ceded its Baltic provinces and parts of Finland to Russia in the 1721 [[Treaty of Nystad]].|group="n"|name="n18"}}

===18th century to the present===

{{Chart top|collapsed=yes|[[House of Oldenburg]] (Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp branch) & Succession to the Swedish Throne}}

{{Tree chart/start|style=font-size:95%}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |A02 | | |A01  | | | | | | | | |
A01=[[File:Blason_Dynastie_Holstein-Gottorp.svg|50px]]<br/>'''{{Small|{{Color|#006600|House of Schleswig-<br/>Holstein-Gottorp}}}}'''|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px|

A02=[[File:Armoiries Suède Palatinat1.svg|50px]]<br/>'''{{Small|{{Color| #00008B |[[House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken|House of Sweden—Palatine-Zweibrücken]]}}}}'''|boxstyle_A02=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | |C11  | | | |`|-|-|A01  | | | | |
C11='''[[Charles XI of Sweden]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''r. 1660–1697'''<br/>1655–1697}}|boxstyle_C11=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A01='''[[Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Christian Albert]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''Duke of Schleswig-<br/>Holstein-Gottorp'''<br/>'''r. 1659–1695'''<br/>1641–1695|boxstyle_A01=border-width:2px; border-color:#2E8B57}}}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|PG| |UE |y|A01  | | |A02   |y|A03  | | | |
PG = '''[[Peter the Great]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]]'''<br/>'''r. 1682–1725'''<br/>1672 – 1725}}|boxstyle_PG=border-width:2px; border-color:#FFD700|

UE='''[[Hedvig Sophia of Sweden]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|hieress of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''eldest sister of [[Charles XII of Sweden]]'''<br/>1681–1708}}|boxstyle_UE=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A01='''[[Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Frederick IV]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''Duke of Schleswig-<br/>Holstein-Gottorp'''<br/>'''r. 1695–1702'''<br/>1671–1702}}|boxstyle_A01=border-width:2px; border-color:#2E8B57|

A02='''[[Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin|Christian August]]'''<br/>{{Small|1673–1726}}|

A03='''[[Princess Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach|Albertina]]<br/>of Baden-Durach'''<br/>{{Small|her [[Christina Magdalena of the Palatinate-Zweibrücken|grandmother]] was a sister <br/>of [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X of Sweden]]}}}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01  | | |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|v|-|-|.|
A01=[[File:House_of_Romanoff.svg|50px]]<br/>[[House of Romanov|'''{{Small|{{Color|#006600|House of Romanov}}}}''']]|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01  |y|A02  | |JO | |A03  | |A04  | |A05  |
A01='''[[Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia|Anna]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of consorts of Holstein-Gottorp|Duchess consort of<br/>Holstein-Gottorp]]'''<br/>'''r. 1725–1728'''<br/>1708–1728}}|

A02='''[[Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Charles Frederick]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Duke of Holstein-Gottorp|Duke of Schleswig-<br/>Holstein-Gottorp]]'''<br/>'''r. 1702–1739'''<br/>1700–1739}}|boxstyle_A02=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

JO='''[[Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp|Joanna Elisabeth]]'''<br/>{{Small|1712–1760<br/>'''married [[Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst|Christian August]]-<br/>Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst'''}}|

A03='''[[Adolf Frederick of Sweden|Adolf Frederick]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''r. 1751–1771'''<br/>1710–1771}}|boxstyle_A03=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A04='''[[Frederick August I, Duke of Oldenburg|Frederick August I]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg|Duke of Oldenburg]]'''<br/>'''r. 1774–1785'''<br/>1711–1785}}|

A05='''[[Prince Georg Ludwig of Holstein-Gottorp|George Louis]]'''<br/>{{Small|1719–1763}}}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|'| |,|-|-|-|'| | | |!| | | |!| | |!| }}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01  | | |!| | | |,|A02 |(| | | |!| | |!|
A01=[[File:Arms of the House Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov.png|50px]]<br/>[[House of Romanov#House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov|'''{{Small|{{Color|#006600|House of Holstein-<br/>Gottorp-Romanov}}}}''']]|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px|

A02=[[File:Blason dynastie Holstein-Gottorp (branche suèdoise).svg|50px]]<br/>'''{{Small|{{Color| #00008B |[[House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)]]}}}}'''|boxstyle_A02=border-width:0px

}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01  |y|CA | | A02  | |A03  | |A04  | |A05  |
A01='''[[Peter III of Russia|Peter III]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]]'''<br/>'''r. 1762-1762'''<br/>1728–1762}}|boxstyle_A01=border-width:2px; border-color:#FFD700|

CA='''[[Catherine the Great|Catherine II the Great]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperess of Russia]]'''<br/>'''r. 1762–1796'''<br/>1729–1796}}|boxstyle_CA=border-width:2px; border-color:#FFD700|

A02='''[[Gustav III]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''r. 1771–1792'''<br/>1746–1792}}|boxstyle_A02=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A03='''[[Charles XIII]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''r. 1809–1818'''<br/>'''[[List of Norwegian monarchs|King of Norway]]'''<br/>'''r. 1814–1818'''<br/>1748–1818}}|boxstyle_A03=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A04='''[[Wilhelm, Duke of Oldenburg|William]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg|Duke of Oldenburg]]'''<br/>'''r. 1785–1823'''<br/>1754–1823}}|

A05='''[[Peter I, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Peter I]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg|Grand Duke of <br/>Oldenburg]]'''<br/>'''r. 1823–1829'''<br/>1755–1829}}|boxstyle_A05=border-width:2px; border-color:#2E8B57}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |,|-|'| || | | |! | | | |: | | | | | | |! |}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A01  | |  | | | |A02 | |A04 | | | | |A03  |
A01='''[[Paul I of Russia|Paul I]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Emperor of all the Russias|Emperor of Russia]]'''<br/>'''r. 1796–1801'''<br/>1754–1801}}|boxstyle_A01=border-width:2px; border-color:#FFD700|

A02='''[[Gustav IV Adolf]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''r. 1792–1809'''<br/>1778–1837}}|boxstyle_A02=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A04='''[[Charles XIV John]]'''<br/>'''[[House of Bernadotte|Bernadotte]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[List of Swedish monarchs|King of Sweden]]'''<br/>'''r. 1818–1844'''<br/>1763–1844}}|boxstyle_A04=border-width:2px; border-color:#00008B|

A03='''[[Augustus, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Augustus]]'''<br/>{{Small|'''[[Counts, dukes and grand dukes of Oldenburg|Grand Duke of <br/>Oldenburg]]'''<br/>'''r. 1829–1853'''<br/>1783–1853}}|boxstyle_A03=border-width:2px; border-color:#2E8B57}}

{{Tree chart|border=1|A02 | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | |

A01=[[File:Charles XIV John CoA.png|50px]]<br/>{{Small|'''{{Color| #00008B |[[House of Bernadotte|House Sweden-Bernadotte]]}}'''}}|boxstyle_A01=border-width:0px|

A02=[[File:Coat of arms of the Russian Empire.svg |50px]]<br/>[[House of Romanov#House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov|'''{{Small|{{Color|#006600|House of Holstein-<br/>Gottorp-Romanov}}}}''']] |boxstyle_A02=border-width:0px}}

{{Tree chart/end}}

{{Chart bottom}}

Charles XII's sister, [[Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden|Ulrika Eleonora]], now claimed the throne over her nephew and son of her elder sister, [[Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp]] (see genealogy chart above). Charles Frederick had the claim of seniority within the family, but Ulrica Eleonora claimed that her elder sister had not "acquired the consent of the Parliamentary [[Estates of the realm#In Sweden and Finland|Estates]]" for her marriage to his father, according to laws of succession laid down in ''Norrköpings arvförening''. The duke's party asserted that the [[absolute monarchy]] in Sweden, which his grandfather King Charles XI had created, made that marriage clause irrelevant. When Charles Frederick was confronted with Ulrika Eleonora, he was forced by [[Arvid Horn]] to greet her as queen.<ref name="Lundh-Eriksson"/> He asked to be granted the title Royal Highness and to be recognised as her heir, but when her husband, [[Frederick I of Sweden|Frederick of Hesse]], instead was given the title, he left Sweden in 1719. In 1723, he was granted the title Royal Highness in his absence, but his pro-Russian policy at that time made him impossible as heir to the Swedish throne. His marriage in 1725 to [[Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia|Anna]], the daughter of Peter of Great, did not help his case.<ref name="Lundh-Eriksson">Lundh-Eriksson, Nanna (Swedish): Den glömda drottningen. Karl XII:s syster. Ulrika Eleonora D.Y. och hennes tid (The Forgotten Queen. The Sister of Charles XII. The Age of Ulrika Eleonora the Younger) Affärstryckeriet, Norrtälje. (1976)</ref> His mother, and later Hedwig Eleonora, both supported and worked for his right to be considered heir of Sweden after his childless uncle.<ref name="Lundh-Eriksson"/>

[[Ulrika Eleonora, Queen of Sweden|Ulrika Eleonora]] was forced by the Estates to sign the [[Instrument of Government (1719)|1719 Instrument of Government]], which ended the absolute monarchy and made the [[Riksdag of the Estates]] the highest organ of the state and reduced the role of monarch to a [[figurehead]]. The [[Age of Liberty]] ({{langx|sv|frihetstiden}}) with its parliamentary rule, dominated by two parties – the [[Caps (party)|Caps]] and the [[Hats (party)|Hats]] – had begun. Ulrika Eleonora had had enough after a year on the throne and abdicated in favor of her husband, [[Frederick I of Sweden|Frederick]], who had little interest in the affairs of state and was elected King by the Estates as King Frederick I, resulting in the [[Instrument of Government (1720)|1720 Instrument of Government]]: content-wise almost identical to the one from 1719. Despite having many extra-marital affairs, Frederick I never sired a legitimate heir to the throne.

{{citation needed span |text=After the death/impending death of King Frederick without heirs, Charles Frederick's heir, Charles Peter Ulrich, had become untenable in Sweden, as he had been taken to Russia by his aunt [[Elizabeth I of Russia]], nominated as heir/Grand Duke, and became Emperor [[Peter III of Russia]].   In 1743, Adolf Frederick, a cousin of Charles Frederick, of the same house of Holstein-Gottrop, and a descendant of a sister of [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden]] was elected heir to the throne of Sweden by the [[Hats (party)|Hat faction]] (Swedish: ''Hattarna''). The Hat faction wanted to obtain better conditions at the [[Treaty of Åbo]] from Empress [[Elizabeth of Russia]], |date=April 2023}} who had adopted his nephew as her [[Heir presumptive|heir]]. {{citation needed span |text=His mother, [[Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach]] (1682–1755), was a descendant of earlier royal dynasties of Sweden, great-granddaughter of [[Catherine of Sweden, Countess Palatine of Kleeburg|Princess Catherine of Sweden]], mother of King [[Charles X of Sweden]]. |date=April 2023}} On his mother's side, Adolf Frederick was descended from King [[Gustav I of Sweden|Gustav Vasa]] and [[Christina Magdalena of Pfalz-Zweibrücken|Christina Magdalena]], a sister of [[Charles X of Sweden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=414|title=Kristina Magdalena av Pfalz-Zweibrücken|publisher=historiesajten.se|author=Nina Ringbom|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128173032/https://historiesajten.se/visainfo.asp?id=414|url-status=live}}</ref> He succeeded as King Adolf Frederick 8 years later on 25 March 1751.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://runeberg.org/nfbk/0057.html|title=Hattpartiet, Hattarna|publisher=Nordisk familjebok|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=8 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408140105/http://runeberg.org/nfbk/0057.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his 20-year reign, Adolf Frederick was little more than a [[figurehead]], the real power being with the [[Riksdag of the Estates]], often distracted by party strife. Twice he endeavored to free himself from the tutelage of the estates. The first occasion was in 1756. Stimulated by his consort [[Louisa Ulrika of Prussia]] (sister of [[Frederick the Great]]), he tried to regain a portion of the attenuated prerogative through the [[Coup of 1756]] to abolish the rule of the Riksdag of the Estates and reinstate absolute monarchy in Sweden. He nearly lost his throne in consequence. On the second occasion during the [[December Crisis (1768)|December Crisis of 1768]], under the guidance of his eldest son, [[Gustav III|Gustav]], he succeeded in overthrowing the "Cap" (Swedish: ''Mössorna'') senate, but was unable to make any use of his victory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://runeberg.org/nfbs/0211.html|title=Mösspartiet, Mössorna|publisher=Nordisk familjebok|access-date=1 January 2019|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821034324/http://runeberg.org/nfbs/0211.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Adolf Frederick's son, King [[Gustav III]], was more successful in restoring royal authority.  In 1772, the 1720 Instrument in Government was later replaced by the [[Instrument of Government (1772)|1772 Instrument of Government]] in a [[self-coup]] orchestrated by the King.

[[File:Karl XIV Johan, king of Sweden and Norway, painted by Fredric Westin.jpg|thumb|upright|Crown Prince [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles John]] at the [[Battle of Leipzig]] (1813). Painting by [[Fredric Westin]].]]
On 17 September 1809 in the [[Treaty of Fredrikshamn]], as a result of the poorly managed [[Finnish War]], Sweden had to surrender [[Finland]] to Russia. King [[Gustav IV Adolf]] and his descendants were deposed in a coup d'état led by dissatisfied [[Swedish Army|army]] officers. The childless uncle of the former king was almost immediately elected as King [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Charles XIII]]. The [[Instrument of Government (1809)|Instrument of Government of 1809]] put an end to royal [[absolute monarchy|absolutism]] by dividing the legislative power between the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Riksdag]] (primary) and the king (secondary), and vested executive power in the king when acting through the [[King in Council (Sweden)|Council of State]].

The present [[House of Bernadotte|Bernadotte dynasty]] was established in September 1810 when the Riksdag, convened in [[Örebro]], elected [[Marshal of France|French Marshal]] and Prince of Pontecorvo [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean-Baptiste Jules Bernadotte]] as crown prince. This took place because Charles XIII had no legitimate heir, and a crown prince previously elected in January 1810, [[Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden|Charles August]], suddenly had died of a stroke during a military exercise.

Although the 19th century Bernadotte monarchs that would follow [[Charles XIV John]]'s reign tried to defend the power and privileges they still had, the tide incrementally turned against "personal regal rule" ({{langx|sv|personlig kungamakt}}) with the growth of the liberals, social democrats, and the expansion of the franchise.<ref name="Larsson & Bäck:66-67">[[#Larsson & Bäck|Larsson & Bäck]]: pp. 66–67.</ref>

The daughter of [[Gustav IV Adolph]], Princess [[Princess Sophie of Sweden|Sofia Wilhelmina]] (21 May 1801 – 1865) married Grand Duke [[Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden|Leopold of Baden]], and their granddaughter [[Victoria of Baden]] married the [[House of Bernadotte|Bernadotte]] king [[Gustaf V of Sweden]]. The present King [[Carl XVI Gustaf]] of Sweden is thus Gustav IV's heir through his grandfather, [[Gustav VI Adolf]].

{{Chart top|collapsed=yes|House of Bernadotte and Link to Earlier Swedish Dynasties}}

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |C14| |Eug|y|Ama| | | | | |Gu4
 |C14='''[[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Charles XIV John]]'''<br/>(1763–1844)<br/>[[Swedish Act of Succession|Elected Crown Prince by the Riksdag 1810]]<br/>{{R.|1818|1844}}
   |boxstyle_C14=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |Eug=[[Eugène de Beauharnais]]<br/>(1781–1824)
 |Ama=[[Princess Augusta of Bavaria]]<br/>(1788–1851)
 |Gu4='''[[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden|Gustav IV Adolf]]'''<br/>(1778–1837)<br/>{{R.|1792|[[Coup of 1809|1809]]}}
   |boxstyle_Gu4=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|'| | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |Os1|y|Jos| | | | | |Leo|y|Sop| |Guv
 |Jos=[[Josephine of Leuchtenberg]]<br/>(1807–1876)
 |Os1='''[[Oscar I of Sweden|Oscar I]]'''<br/>(1799–1859)<br/>{{R.|1844|1859}}
   |boxstyle_Os1=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |Sop=[[Princess Sophie of Sweden|Princess Sophie]]<br/>(1801–1865)
 |Leo=[[Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden]]<br/>(1790–1852)
 |Guv=[[Gustavus, Crown Prince of Sweden|Crown Prince Gustav]]<br/>(1799–1877)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|'| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | |C15| |GuUp| |Os2| |Frb| 
 |Os2='''[[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II]]'''<br/>(1829–1907)<br/>{{R.|1872|1907}}
   |boxstyle_Os2=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |C15='''[[Charles XV of Sweden|Charles XV]]'''<br/>(1826–1872)<br/>{{R.|1859|1872}}
   |boxstyle_C15=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |GuUp=[[Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland|Prince Gustaf]]<br/>[[Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland|Duke of Uppland]]<br/>(1827–1852)
 |Frb=[[Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden]]<br/>(186–1907)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |!| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| |FreVIII|~|LouSwe| |CaO| |Gu5|y|Vic| 
 |FreVIII=[[Frederick VIII of Denmark]]<br/>(1843–1912)
 |LouSwe=[[Louise of Sweden|Princess Louise]]<br/>[[List of Danish consorts|Queen consort of Denmark]]<br/>(1851–1926)
 |Vic=[[Victoria of Baden]]<br/>(1862–1930)
 |Gu5='''[[Gustaf V of Sweden|Gustaf V]]'''<br/>(1858–1950)<br/>{{R.|1907|1950}}
   |boxstyle_Gu5=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
 |CaO=[[Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland|Prince Carl Oscar]]<br/>[[Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland|Duke of Södermanland]]<br/>(1852–1854)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|'| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Gu6| 
 |Gu6='''[[Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden|Gustaf VI Adolf]]'''<br/>(1882–1973)<br/>{{R.|1950|1973}}
   |boxstyle_Gu6=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Gua| 
 |Gua=[[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Prince Gustaf Adolf]]<br/>[[Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten|Duke of Västerbotten]]<br/>(1906–1947)
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| 
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |C16| 
 |C16='''[[Carl XVI Gustaf]]'''<br/>(b. 1946)<br/>{{R.|1973|present}}
   |boxstyle_C16=border-color:#C00; border-width:2px
}}

{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| 
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{{Tree chart|border=1| | | | | | | | | | | | | |Vic| |CaPh| 
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 |CaPh=[[Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland|Prince Carl Philip]]<br/>[[Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland|Duke of Värmland]]<br/>(b. 1979)<br/>(Crown Prince 1979–1980)

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 |Este=[[Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland|Princess Estelle]]<br/>[[Princess Estelle, Duchess of Östergötland|Duchess of Östergötland]]<br/>(b. 2012)
 
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When King [[Gustav V]] publicly objected to the defence budget cuts made by Prime Minister [[Karl Staaff]] and the cabinet just before the [[First World War]] in event known as the [[Courtyard Crisis]] accompanied by the [[Peasant armament support march]] ({{langx|sv|bondetåget}}), it was seen as a deliberate provocation by conservatives and reactionaries against the uncodified norm of a [[parliamentary system]] supported by the liberals and the social democrats, leading to Staaff's resignation.<ref name="Larsson & Bäck:67-68">[[#Larsson & Bäck|Larsson & Bäck]]: pp. 67–68.</ref> Gustaf V then appointed a caretaker government, supported by the conservatives, led by legal scholar [[Hjalmar Hammarskjöld]], which remained in power longer than expected due to the outbreak of World War I (in which Sweden remained [[Swedish neutrality|neutral]]) and increased defence spending was no longer a controversial issue.<ref name="Larsson & Bäck:68-69">[[#Larsson & Bäck|Larsson & Bäck]]: pp. 68–69.</ref> Nevertheless, in the year of the outbreak of the [[Russian Revolution]], social tensions continued to rise; the general election in 1917 gave the liberals and social democrats greatly strengthened representation in both Riksdag chambers and a conservative government was no longer a defensible option.<ref name="Larsson & Bäck:68-69" /> Following the definite breakthrough of [[parliamentarism]] in 1917, with the appointment of the coalition government of liberals and social democrats led by professor [[Nils Edén]], the political influence of the King was considerably reduced and an unwritten constitutional precedent was set that would remain in effect until 1975.<ref name="Larsson & Bäck:66-69">[[#Larsson & Bäck|Larsson & Bäck]]: pp. 66–69.</ref><ref name="Lewin:112-115">[[#Lewin:112-115|Lewin]]: pp. 112–115.</ref>

Only during [[World War II]], in the so-called [[Midsummer crisis]] (regarding the issue whether neutral Sweden should permit [[Transit of German troops through Finland and Sweden|rail transport of German troops from Norway passing through to Finland]]), did Gustaf V allegedly try to intervene in the political process by threatening to [[abdication|abdicate]].<ref name="Larsson & Bäck:72">[[#Larsson & Bäck|Larsson & Bäck]]: p. 72.</ref>

King [[Gustaf VI Adolf]] succeeded his elderly father who died in 1950, and he is generally regarded as a constitutional monarch who stayed out of politics and controversy. In 1954, a royal commission began work on whether Sweden should undergo constitutional reform to adapt the [[1809 Instrument of Government]] to current political realities, or whether a new one should be written; ultimately the latter idea was chosen.<ref name="Bergman1999" /> The future role of the monarchy was settled in a manner well known within Swedish political discourse: a political compromise reached at the summer resort of [[Torekov]] in 1971 (hence known as the ''Torekov compromise'', {{langx|sv|Torekovskompromissen}}) by representatives of four of the parties in the [[Riksdag]] (the [[Swedish Social Democratic Party|Social Democrats]], the [[Centre Party (Sweden)|Centre Party]], the [[Liberal People's Party (Sweden)|Liberal People's Party]], and the [[Moderate Party]], that is all the parties except the [[Left Party (Sweden)|Communists]]).{{#tag:ref|Also known as the Torekov Agreement ({{langx|sv|Torekovsövernskommelsen}}). The participants were Valter Åman (s), [[Bertil Fiskesjö]] (c), Birger Lundström (fp) and Allan Hernelius (m).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=4980649|title=Monarken utan formell makt efter Torekovskompromissen|date=23 February 2012|work=[[Sveriges Radio]]|language=sv|access-date=22 October 2014|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090259/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=4980649|url-status=live}}</ref>|group=n|name=n6}}<ref name="Bergman1999" /> It mandated that the monarchy would remain largely as it was but would become entirely ceremonial, without any residual political powers left.<ref name="Bergman1999">Torbjörn Bergman (1999). "Trade-offs in Swedish Constitutional design: The Monarchy Under Challenge". In Wolfgang C. Müller and [[Kaare Strøm (political scientist)|Kaare Strøm]], eds., ''Policy? Office?, or Votes? How Political Parties Make Hard Choices''. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-521-63723-6}}.</ref>

Following the required double [[Riksdag]] votes that took place in 1973 and 1974, a new [[Constitution of Sweden|Instrument of Government]] was brought into effect. The monarch's functions and duties, as defined in the 1974 Constitution Act, include heading the special cabinet council held when there is a change of government, but no executive powers with respect to the governance of the realm are vested in him.<ref name="Duties of the Monarch">{{cite web|url=http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4.396160511584257f2180003302.html|title=Duties of the Monarch|publisher=[[Royal Court of Sweden]]|access-date=2014-02-22|archive-date=16 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316041821/http://www.kungahuset.se/royalcourt/monarchy/themonarchyinsweden/dutiesofthemonarch.4.396160511584257f2180003302.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="The Head of State">{{cite web|url=http://www.government.se/sb/d/2853/nocache/true/a/21785/dictionary/true|title=The Head of State|publisher=[[Government of Sweden]]|access-date=2014-02-22|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225235411/http://www.government.se/sb/d/2853/nocache/true/a/21785/dictionary/true|archive-date=25 February 2014}}</ref>

[[Carl XVI Gustaf]] became king on 15 September 1973 on the death of his grandfather [[Gustaf VI Adolf]] and because of his father's early death has become the longest reigning monarch in Swedish history.<ref name="SFS 1973:702"/> His [[Golden Jubilee of Carl XVI Gustaf|King's Golden Jubilee]] was celebrated in 2023. Leading up to that year and including it, beginning already in 2018, some of the most serious criticism ever published took place about Carl Gustaf and the way the monarchy has developed during his reign.<ref>[https://www.svtplay.se/video/ebmEDGY/uppdrag-granskning/kungens-bostader ''Uppdrag granskning - kungens bostäder''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922042225/https://www.svtplay.se/video/ebmEDGY/uppdrag-granskning/kungens-bostader |date=22 September 2023 }} [[Sveriges Television|SVT]] 2023-05–16</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/>