Editing Monel (section)

==Properties==
Monel is a solid-solution binary alloy.<ref name="mckay36">{{cite book |edition=American Chemical Society, Monograph Series, No. 71 |last1=McKay |first1=Robert James |last2=Worthington |first2=Robert |title=Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys |date=1936 |publisher=Reinhold Publishing Corporation}}</ref> As nickel and copper are mutually soluble in all proportions, it is a single-phase alloy.<ref name="inco279">{{cite book |url=https://www.nickelinstitute.org/media/4675/ni_inco_279_corrosionresisthydrochloric.pdf|publisher=Nickel Institute|title=CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NICKEL AND NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS IN HYDROCHLORIC ACID, HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND CHLORINE (CEB-3)|year=2020}}</ref> Compared to steel, Monel is very difficult to machine as it work-hardens very quickly.  It needs to be turned and worked at slow speeds and low feed rates. It is resistant to corrosion and acids, and some alloys can withstand a fire in pure oxygen. It is commonly used in applications with highly corrosive conditions. Small additions of [[aluminium]] and [[titanium]] form an alloy (K-500) with the same corrosion resistance but with much greater strength due to gamma prime formation on aging. Monel is typically much more expensive than [[stainless steel]].

Monel alloy 400 has a specific gravity of 8.80,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialmetals.com/documents/Monel%20alloy%20400.pdf|title=Physical properties of Monel 400|access-date=2015-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412000046/http://www.specialmetals.com/documents/Monel%20alloy%20400.pdf|archive-date=2015-04-12|url-status=dead}}</ref> a melting range of 1300–1350&nbsp;°C, an electrical conductivity of approximately 34% [[International Annealed Copper Standard|IACS]], and (in the annealed state) a hardness of 65 Rockwell B.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Monel|title=Monel 400 (NiCu30Fe, 2.4360, N04400, NA13) :: MakeItFrom.com|website=www.makeitfrom.com|access-date=2010-04-19|archive-date=2011-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703132648/http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=Monel|url-status=live}}</ref> Monel alloy 400 is notable for its toughness, which is maintained over a considerable range of temperatures.

Monel alloy 400 has excellent mechanical properties at subzero temperatures. Strength and hardness increase with only slight impairment of ductility or impact resistance. The alloy does not undergo a ductile-to-brittle [[Phase transition|transition]] even when cooled to the temperature of liquid hydrogen. This is in marked contrast to many ferrous materials which are brittle at low temperatures despite their increased
strength.