Editing Monkeys and apes in space (section)

==United States==
[[File:Chimpanzee_Enos_before_the_flight_of_Mercury-Atlas_5.jpg|thumb|[[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]], the third great ape and only chimpanzee to orbit the Earth, being prepared for launch on [[Mercury-Atlas 5]] (November 29, 1961)]]
[[File:Able air and space.jpg|thumb|Able, who flew on the first two monkey space mission in May 1959, on display at the National Air and Space Museum]]
[[Image:Monkey Sam Before The Flight On Little Joe 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sam, a [[rhesus macaque]], flew to an altitude of {{cvt|88|km}} on December 4, 1959, on a NASA rocket, [[Little Joe 2]]]]
The first primate launched into high subspace, although not a space flight, was [[Albert I (monkey)|Albert I]], a [[rhesus macaque]], who on June 18, 1948, rode a rocket flight to over {{convert|63|km|mi|abbr=on}} in Earth's atmosphere on a [[V-2 rocket]]. Albert I died of suffocation during the flight and may actually have died in the cramped space capsule before launch.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070301032325/http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/v2cology.htm "V2 Chronology"], ''[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]]''.</ref><ref name="Air Force">{{cite web |url=https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm |title=The Beginnings of Research in Space Biology at the Air Force Missile Development Center, 1946–1952 |access-date=January 31, 2008 |work=History of Research in Space Biology and Biodynamics |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm |title=V-2 Firing Tables |access-date=January 31, 2008 |publisher=[[White Sands Missile Range]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080125175018/http://www.wsmr.army.mil/pao/FactSheets/V2/v-2tab.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = January 25, 2008}}</ref>

On June 14, 1949, [[Albert II (monkey)|Albert II]] survived a sub-orbital V-2 flight into space (but died on impact after a parachute failure)<ref name="Air Force" /> to become the first monkey, first primate, and first mammal in space. His flight reached {{convert|134|km|mi|abbr=on}} – past the [[Kármán line]] of 100&nbsp;km which designates the beginning of space.<ref name=Beischer1962>{{cite journal |author1=Beischer, DE |author2=Fregly, AR |title=Animals and man in space. A chronology and annotated bibliography through the year 1960. |journal=US Naval School of Aviation Medicine |volume=ONR TR ACR-64 |issue=AD0272581 |year=1962 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9288 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204154830/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/9288 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 4, 2012 |access-date=June 14, 2011}}</ref> 

On September 16, 1949, Albert III died below the Kármán line, at 35,000 feet (10.7&nbsp;km), in an explosion of his V2. On December 8, Albert IV, the second mammal in space, flew on the last monkey V-2 flight and died on impact after another parachute failure<ref name=" Air Force" /> after reaching 130.6&nbsp;km. Alberts, I, II, and IV were rhesus macaques while Albert III was a [[crab-eating macaque]].

Monkeys later flew on [[Aerobee]] rockets. On April 18, 1951, a monkey, possibly called Albert V, died due to parachute failure. Yorick, also called Albert VI, along with 11 mouse crewmates, reached 236,000&nbsp;ft (72&nbsp;km, 44.7&nbsp;mi) and survived the landing, on September 20, 1951, the first monkey to do so (the dogs [[Soviet space dogs#Dezik, Tsygan, and Lisa-1|Dezik and Tsygan]] had survived a trip to space in July of that year), although he died two hours later. Two of the mice also died after recovery; all of the deaths were thought to be related to stress from overheating in the sealed capsule in the [[New Mexico]] sun while awaiting the recovery team.<ref name=" Air Force" /> Albert VI's flight surpassed the 50-mile boundary the U.S. used for spaceflight but was below the international definition of space. Patricia and Mike, two [[cynomolgus]] monkeys, flew on May 21, 1952, and survived, but their flight was only to 26 kilometers.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

On December 13, 1958, [[Gordo (space monkey)|Gordo]], also called Old Reliable, a squirrel monkey, survived being launched aboard [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|Jupiter AM-13]] by the [[United States Army|US Army]].<ref name=Beischer1962/>  After flying for over 1,500 miles and reaching a height of 310 miles (500 km) before returning to Earth, Gordo landed in the South Atlantic and was killed due to mechanical failure of the parachute recovery system in the rocket [[nose cone]].<ref name=Beischer1962/>

On May 28, 1959, aboard the [[PGM-19 Jupiter#Biological flights|JUPITER AM-18]], Miss Able, a rhesus macaque, and [[Miss Baker]], a squirrel monkey from [[Peru]], flew a successful mission. Able was born at the Ralph Mitchell Zoo in Independence, Kansas. They traveled in excess of 16,000&nbsp;km/h, and withstood 38 [[g-force|''g'']] (373&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>). Able died June 1, 1959, while undergoing surgery to remove an infected medical electrode, from a reaction to the anesthesia. Baker became the first monkey to survive the stresses of spaceflight and the related medical procedures. Baker died November 29, 1984, at the age of 27 and is buried on the grounds of the [[United States Space & Rocket Center]] in [[Huntsville, Alabama]]. Able was preserved, and is now on display at the [[Smithsonian Institution]]'s [[National Air and Space Museum]]. Their names were taken from the [[Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet|1943–1955 US military phonetic alphabet]].<ref>[http://www.kansas.com/2010/03/22/1236075/kansan-among-first-to-go-to-space.html "Kansan among first to go to space"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015203456/http://www.kansas.com/2010/03/22/1236075/kansan-among-first-to-go-to-space.html |date=October 15, 2013 }}, ''Wichita Eagle and Kansas.com'', March 22, 2010.</ref>

On December 4, 1959, from Wallops Island, Virginia, Sam, a rhesus macaque, flew on the [[Little Joe 2]] in the [[Project Mercury|Mercury program]] to 53 miles high.<ref name=Beischer1962/> On January 21, 1960, Miss Sam, also a rhesus macaque, followed, on [[Little Joe 1B]] although her flight was only to {{convert|8|mi|km|abbr=on}} in a test of emergency procedures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://texasarchive.org/2008_00327|title=NASA Space Monkey Training|website=Texas Archive of the Moving Image|access-date=December 1, 2019}}</ref> 

Chimpanzees [[Ham (chimpanzee)|Ham]] and [[Enos (chimpanzee)|Enos]] also flew in the Mercury program, with Ham becoming the first [[great ape]] or [[Hominidae]] in space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Benchmarks: January 31, 1961: Ham the chimpanzee, first hominid in space |url=https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/benchmarks-january-31-1961-ham-chimpanzee-first-hominid-space/ |website=www.earthmagazine.org |access-date=February 3, 2022}}</ref> The names "Sam" and "Ham" were acronyms. Sam was named in homage to the School of Aerospace Medicine at [[Brooks Air Force Base]] in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]], and the name "Ham" was taken from Holloman Aerospace Medicine at [[Holloman Air Force Base]], [[New Mexico]].<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web|last1=Hanser|first1=Kathleen|title=Mercury Primate Capsule and Ham the Astrochimp|url=https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/mercury-primate-capsule-and-ham-astrochimp|website=airandspace.si.edu|publisher=Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum|access-date=May 20, 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180520132937/https://airandspace.si.edu/stories/editorial/mercury-primate-capsule-and-ham-astrochimp|archive-date=May 20, 2018|date=November 10, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Ham and Enos were among 60 chimpanzees brought to New Mexico by the U.S. Air Force for space flight tests. Six were selected to be trained at Cape Canaveral by [[Tony Gentry]] et al.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herzfeld |first=Chris |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/982651819 |title=The great apes : a short history |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |others=Kevin Frey, Jane Goodall |isbn=978-0-300-22137-4 |location=New Haven |pages=161–163 |oclc=982651819}}</ref>

Goliath, a squirrel monkey, died in the explosion of his [[Atlas (rocket family)|Atlas rocket]] on November 10, 1961. A rhesus macaque called Scatback flew a sub-orbital flight on December 20, 1961, but was lost at sea after landing.<ref name="BurgessDubbs2007">{{cite book|last1=Burgess|first1=Colin|last2=Dubbs|first2=Chris|title=Animals in Space: From Research Rockets to the Space Shuttle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSdHVIpsrKkC&pg=PA272|access-date=June 12, 2018|date=July 5, 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9780387496788|pages=272–273}}</ref>

Bonny, a pig-tailed macaque, flew on [[Biosatellite program|Biosatellite 3]], a mission which lasted from June 29 to July 8, 1969. This was the first multi-day monkey flight but came after longer human spaceflights were common. He died within a day of landing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lsda.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/mission/miss.aspx?mis_index=56|title=Mission information: Biosatellite III|work=[[NASA]]|access-date=May 25, 2016}}{{dead link|date=June 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

[[STS-51-B|Spacelab 3]] on the [[Space Shuttle]] flight [[STS-51-B]] featured two squirrel monkeys named No. 3165 and No. 384-80. The flight was from April 29 to May 6, 1985.<ref>[http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/STS/STS_51B/STS_51B.html PROGRAMS, MISSIONS, AND PAYLOADS STS-51B/Spacelab 3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719061203/http://lis.arc.nasa.gov/lis/Programs/STS/STS_51B/STS_51B.html |date=July 19, 2011 }}, NASA</ref>