Editing Monotyping (section)

==History==
[[Image:Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione 002.jpg|thumb|left|Monotype by Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione, probably a second impression]]
There is still no certainty as to who was the inventor of the monotype process. The Italian artist [[Giovanni Benedetto Castiglione]] (1609–64) is often credited as being the first artist to produce monotypes. He made brushed sketches intended as finished and final works of art.<ref name="Griffiths">Prints and Printmaking, Antony Griffiths, British Museum Press (in UK), 2nd ed., 1996 {{ISBN|0-7141-2608-X}}</ref> He began to make monotypes in the mid 1640s, normally working from black to white, and produced over twenty surviving ones, over half of which are set at night. It is believed that the Flemish artist [[Antoon Sallaert]] created his first monotypes in the early 1640s and is therefore to be regarded as the inventor of this printing process. Both artists used the new technique in different ways. Castiglione created most of his monotypes as black-field images by wiping away ink on a prepared plate thus producing white and grey lines.  Sallaert, on the other hand, brushed bold, tapering lines onto the printing surface with meticulous precision. It is likely that Sallaert's monotype style was influenced by the [[chiaroscuro]] woodcuts of the Dutch engraver [[Hendrik Goltzius]].  Sallaert found in the monotype a technique which was the closest to drawing and oil sketching. His monotypes and drawings are characterised by swelling lines and tapering ends. He often added by hand white highlights to his monotypes.<ref name=todd>Todd D. Weyman, ''Two Early Monotypes by Sallaert'', in: Print Quarterly Vol. 12, No. 2 (JUNE 1995), p. 164-169</ref><ref>M. Royalton Kisch, ''A Monotype by Sallaert'', in: Print Quarterly, 1988, V, n. 1, p. 60-61</ref> Sallaert clearly appreciated in the monotype technique the freedom to design on a plate before printing it on paper.<ref name=clev>[http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/media-kit/cleveland-museum-art-presents-monotypes-painterly-prints Kelley Notaro, ''An Exhibition of the Finest Monotypes from the Cleveland Museum of Art's Collection''] at The Cleveland Museum of Art site</ref>

[[File:Visions of the Daughters of Albion copy G plate 11.jpg|thumb|''Visions of the Daughters of Albion'', a combination by Blake of [[relief etching]] for the lines and monotype for the colour]]
[[William Blake]] developed a different technique, painting on [[millboard]] in [[egg tempera]] to produce both new works and coloured impressions of his prints and book illustrations, including his [[Pity (William Blake)|''Pity'']]. Each impression was usually then worked over by hand, using ink and watercolour. Few other artists used the technique until [[Degas]], who made several, often working on them further after printing ([https://web.archive.org/web/20070224100213/http://www.mfa.org/collections/search_art.asp?recview=true  Beside the Sea, 1876-7]); [[Pissarro]] also made several. [[Paul Gauguin]] used a variant technique involving tracing, later taken up by [[Paul Klee]]. In the twentieth century the technique became more popular; examples include the extraordinary colorful monotypes created by [[Marc Chagall]] in the 1960s.<ref>''Marc Chagall Monotypes'', Gerald Cramer, Editor, Geneva 1966</ref> Twenty-first century examples include works by [[Nicole Eisenman]], [[Christopher Wool]], [[Karen LaMonte]], and [[Roman Turovsky]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://turovsky.org/mono/monoprints.html | title=Roman Turovsky > Work > Monoprints }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Monotype|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/terms/62|website=www.moma.org|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Forward Press: 21st Century Printmaking|url=https://www.american.edu/cas/museum/2019/forward-press.cfm|website=American University|language=en|access-date=2020-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Virginia Groot Foundation 2005 Winners|url=http://www.virginiaagrootfoundation.org/winners/2005/karen_lamonte/}}</ref>