Editing Moors (section)

==Name==
===Etymology===
{{further|Mauri people|Mauretania}}
The etymology of the word "Moor" is uncertain, although it can be traced back to the [[Phoenician language|Phoenician]] term ''Mahurin'', meaning "Westerners".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://apc.aast.edu/ojs/index.php/ILCC/article/view/ilcc.2023.03.1.026/pdf_18 |journal=Insights into Language, Culture and Communication| volume=3| issue=1 |date=2023 |title=Maghrebians (or Mauri) speak Magharibi, not Arabic |last=Elimam |first=Abdou |pages=26–29 |doi=10.21622/ILCC.2023.03.1.026|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA560 |title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, Volume V |publisher=E. J. Brill |last1=Houtsma |first1=M. |display-authors=etal |date=1993 |isbn=9004097910 |pages=560}}</ref> From ''Mahurin'', the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] derive ''Mauro'', from which [[Latin]] derives ''[[Mauri]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Skutsch |first=Carl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=2013-11-07 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |pages=31 |language=en}}</ref> The word "Moor" is presumably of Phoenician origin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Va6oSxzojzoC&pg=PA560 |title=First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 |date=1993 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-09796-4 |pages=560 |language=en}}</ref> Some sources attribute a [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] origin to the word.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ditson |first=George Leighton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvLvJG3k7S0C&pg=PA122 |title=Adventures and Observations on the North Coast of Africa, Or, The Crescent and French Crusaders |date=1860 |publisher=Derby & Jackson |pages=122 |language=en}}</ref>

During the classical period, the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] interacted with, and later conquered, parts of [[Mauretania]], a state that covered modern northern [[Morocco]], western [[Algeria]], and the Spanish cities [[Ceuta]] and [[Melilla]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Diderot|first1=Denis|title=Ceuta|journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert – Collaborative Translation Project|date=1752|page=871|hdl=2027/spo.did2222.0000.555}}</ref> The [[Berbers|Berber]] tribes of the region were noted in the [[Classics]] as ''[[Mauri people|Mauri]]'', which was subsequently rendered as "Moors" in English and in related variations in other European languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Moor&allowed_in_frame=0 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |publisher=Etymonline.com |access-date=2014-05-12}}</ref> ''Mauri'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Μαῦροι) is recorded as the native name by [[Strabo]] in the early 1st century. This appellation was also adopted into Latin, whereas the Greek name for the tribe was ''Maurusii'' ({{langx|grc|Μαυρούσιοι}}).<ref>{{lang|grc|οἰκοῦσι δ᾽ ἐνταῦθα Μαυρούσιοι μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων λεγόμενοι, Μαῦροι δ᾽ ὑπὸ τῶν Ῥωμαίων καὶ τῶν ἐπιχωρίων}} "Here dwell a people called by the Greeks Maurusii, and by the Romans and the natives Mauri" Strabo, ''Geographica'' 17.3.2. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DMauri Lewis and Short, ''Latin Dictionary'', 1879 ''s.v.'' "Mauri"]</ref> The Moors were also mentioned by [[Tacitus]] as having revolted against the [[Roman Empire]] in 24 [[Anno Domini|AD]].<ref>Cornelius Tacitus, Arthur Murphy, The Historical Annals of Cornelius Tacitus: With Supplements, Volume 1 (D. Neall, 1829 ) [https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoWAAAAYAAJ&dq=Cinithians&pg=PA113 p114].</ref>

During the Latin Middle Ages, ''Mauri'' was used to refer to Berbers and Arabs in the coastal regions of Northwest Africa.<ref name="OxfordIslamic">{{cite web|url=http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/218|title='Moors' from Oxford Islamic Studies Online|last1=Assouline|first1=David|website=Muslim Journeys|publisher=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World in the Oxford Islamic Studies Online.|access-date=30 May 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520183655/http://bridgingcultures.neh.gov/muslimjourneys/items/show/218|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 16th century scholar [[Leo Africanus]] (c. 1494–1554) identified the Moors (''Mauri'') as the native Berber inhabitants of the former [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa Province]] ([[Roman Africans]]).<ref name="Leo">{{cite book |last1=Africanus |first1=Leo |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyanddescr03porygoog#page/n150/ |title=The History and Description of Africa |date=1526 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |pages=108 |quote=the Mauri – or Moors – were the Berbers |access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

===='White Moors' and 'Black Moors'====

The existence of both 'white Moors' and 'black Moors' is attested in historical literature from the late Middle Ages onwards.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1t8q92s.7 |title=Keywords of Identity, Race, and Human Mobility in Early Modern England |chapter=Blackamoor/Moor |date=2021 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press| editor-last1=Das |editor-first1=Nandini |display-authors=etal| pages=40–50|jstor=j.ctv1t8q92s.7 |last1=Das |first1=Nandini |last2=Melo |first2=João Vicente |last3=Smith |first3=Haig Z. |last4=Working |first4=Lauren |doi=10.2307/j.ctv1t8q92s.7 |isbn=978-94-6372-074-8 }}</ref> These terms are still used in modern-day [[Mauritania]], where the Moorish population is divided into the socially dominant 'white Moors' of Berber and Arab origin (also known ''[[Beidane|Beidanes]]''), and 'black Moors' (also known as ''[[Haratin|Haratines]]'') who are former slaves''.''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr38/003/2002/en/ |title=Mauritania: A future free from slavery |website=Amnesty International |date=2002 |pages=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/islamsblackslave00sega/page/204/mode/2up?q=white+moors |title=Islam's Black Slaves |date=2001 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |pages=204 |last=Segal |first=Ronald}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://growup.ethz.ch/atlas/Mauritania |title=Ethnicity in Mauritania |website=ETH Zurich}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mondediplo.com/2019/08/04mauritania |title=Mauritania remains stuck in the past |website=Le Monde Diplomatique |date=2019}}</ref> 

{{quote |The Haratines are almost exclusively of black origin, but are closely associated with the Moorish population in terms of language and culture. In the words of Samuel Cotton: “[they] have lost virtually every aspect of their African origins except their skin color.” Their Moorish culture and their language are the result of generations of enslavement by the Moors. They are also referred to as “black Moors” to differentiate them from the “white Moors” who enslaved them, and from black Mauritanians who have not been enslaved by the Moors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr38/003/2002/en/ |title=Mauritania: A future free from slavery |website=Amnesty International |date=2002 |pages=9}}</ref>}}

In the 1453 chronicle ''The Discovery and Conquest of Guinea'' the Portuguese chronicler [[Gomes Eanes de Zurara|Gomes Eannes de Azurara]] writes: "Dinis Diaz, leaving Portugal with his company, never lowered sail till he had passed the land of the Moors and arrived in the land of the blacks, that is called [[Guinea (region)|Guinea]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35738/35738-h/35738-h.htm |title=The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, by Gomes Eannes de Azurara |date=1453 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref> The 'land of the blacks' here refers to the regions south of the Sahara known as [[Sudan (region)|''bilād as-sūdān'']] in Medieval Arabic texts. De Azurara also notes the existence of 'blacks' among the Moors, stating that "these blacks were Moors like the others, though their slaves, in accordance with ancient custom".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/35738/35738-h/35738-h.htm |title=The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, by Gomes Eannes de Azurara |date=1453 |website=Project Gutenberg}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P8-DFH-699/page/122/mode/2up |title=Black Morocco: A history of slavery, race, and Islam |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |isbn=9781107025776 |pages=77}}</ref> In ''The First Book of the Introduction of Knowledge'' (1542) the English author [[Andrew Boorde|Andrew Borde]] writes that "[[Barbary Coast|Barbary]] is a great country, and plentiful of fruit, wine and corn. The inhabitants be called the Moors; there be white Moors and black Moors; they be infidels and unchristened." Borde includes a poem about "a black Moor born in Barbary" who will be "a good diligent slave".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOueAAAAIAAJ |title=The First Book of the Introduction of Knowledge |last=Borde |first=Andrew |date=1542 |chapter=xxxvi, ‘Chapter treateth of the Moors which do dwell in Barbary’ |pages=212|publisher=Early English Text Society }}</ref> In his ''Description of Africa'' (1550) The [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] author [[Leo Africanus]] - described as a Moor by the English translator [[John Pory]] (1600) - refers to the Berber populations of [[Barbary Coast|Barbary]] and [[Numidia]] as "white Africans", translated by Pory as "white or tawny Moors".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historyanddescr03porygoog/page/n334/mode/2up? |title=The history and description of Africa, Volume I |date=1550 |first=Leo |last=Africanus |publisher=Hakluyt society |pages=205}}</ref>  

===Modern meanings===
In medieval [[Romance languages]], variations of the [[Latin]] word for the Moors (for instance, [[Italian language|Italian]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]]: ''moro'', [[French language|French]]: ''maure'', [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]: ''mouro'', [[Romanian language|Romanian]]: ''maur'') developed different applications and connotations. The term initially denoted a specific Berber people in western [[ancient Libya|Libya]], but the name acquired more general meaning during the medieval period, associated with "[[Muslim]]", similar to associations with "[[Saracen]]s". During the context of the [[Crusades]] and the [[Reconquista]], the term Moors included the derogatory suggestion of "infidels".

Apart from these historic associations and context, ''Moor'' and ''Moorish'' designate a specific ethnic group speaking [[Hassaniya Arabic]]. They inhabit [[Mauritania]] and parts of [[Algeria]], [[Western Sahara]], [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]], [[Niger]], and [[Mali]]. In Niger and Mali, these peoples are also known as the [[Azawagh Arabs]], after the [[Azawagh]] region of the Sahara.<ref>For an introduction to the culture of the Azawagh Arabs, see Rebecca Popenoe, ''Feeding Desire — Fatness, Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People''. Routledge, London (2003) {{ISBN|0-415-28096-6}}</ref>

The [[Diccionario de la lengua española|authoritative dictionary of the Spanish language]] does not list any derogatory meaning for the word ''moro'', a term generally referring to people of [[Maghreb]]ian origin in particular or Muslims in general.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dle.rae.es/|title="Diccionario de la lengua española" – Edición del Tricentenario|first=RAE-|last=ASALE|website=«Diccionario de la lengua española» – Edición del Tricentenario}}</ref> Some authors have pointed out that in modern colloquial Spanish use of the term ''moro'' is derogatory for [[Moroccans]] in particular<ref>{{cite book|last=Simms|first=Karl|title=Translating Sensitive Texts: Linguistic Aspects|year=1997|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-0260-9|page=144|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t4y7EHgCn8kC&pg=PA1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Warwick Armstrong|first=James Anderson|title=Geopolitics of European Union enlargement: the fortress empire|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-33939-1|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pmkrY29qkIC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wessendorf|first=Susanne|title=The Multiculturalism Backlash: European Discourses, Policies and Practices|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-55649-1|page=171|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUaHVimJkT0C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Tariq|last1=Modood|author1-link=Tariq Modood|first2=Anna|last2=Triandafyllidou|first3=Ricard|last3=Zapata-Barrero|author3-link=Ricard Zapata-Barrero|title=Multiculturalism, Muslims and citizenship: a European approach|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-35515-5|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7OAAV5eEmy4C}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bekers|first=Elisabeth|title=Transcultural Modernities: Narrating Africa in Europe|year=2009|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2538-7|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4_on188WJwC}}</ref> and [[Muslim]]s in general.

In the [[Philippines]], a [[Spanish East Indies|former Spanish colony]], many modern [[Filipinos]] call the large, [[Islam in the Philippines|local Muslim minority]] concentrated in [[Mindanao]] and other southern islands ''[[Moro people|Moros]]''. The word is a catch-all term, as ''Moro'' may come from several distinct [[ethnic groups in the Philippines|ethno-linguistic groups]] such as the [[Maranao people]]. The term was introduced by Spanish colonisers, and has since been appropriated by Filipino Muslims as an [[endonym]], with many self-identifying as members of the ''Bangsamoro'' "Moro Nation".

''[[wikt:moreno|Moreno]]'' can mean "dark-skinned" in Spain, Portugal, Brazil, and the Philippines. Also in Spanish, ''morapio'' is a humorous name for "wine", especially that which has not been "baptized" or mixed with water, i.e., pure unadulterated wine. Among Spanish speakers, ''moro'' came to have a broader meaning, applied to both Filipino Moros from Mindanao, and the [[morisco]]s of [[Granada]]. ''Moro'' refers to all things dark, as in "Moor", ''moreno'', etc. It was also used as a nickname; for instance, the [[Milan]]ese Duke [[Ludovico Sforza]] was called ''Il Moro'' because of his dark complexion.<ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/biography/lodovico-sforza/ Lodovico Sforza], in:  Thomas Gale,  Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2005–2006</ref>
[[File:Filà Marraqueix.jpg|thumb|''[[Moros y Cristianos]]'' festival in [[Oliva]].]]

In Portugal, ''mouro'' (feminine,'' moura'') may refer to supernatural beings known as [[Enchanted Moura|enchanted ''moura'']], where "Moor" implies "alien" and "non-Christian". These beings were siren-like fairies with golden or reddish hair and a fair face. They were believed to have magical properties.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QA4vXSPmO3EC&dq=moura+encantada+rubios&pg=PA16 Xosé Manuel González Reboredo, ''Leyendas Gallegas de Tradición Oral'' (Galician Legends of the Oral Tradition)], Galicia: Editorial Galaxia, 2004, p. 18, Googlebooks, accessed 12 Jul 2010 {{in lang|es}}</ref> From this root, the name moor is applied to unbaptized children, meaning not Christian.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ88AAAAIAAJ&q=PORTUGAL:+A+BOOK+OF+FOLK-WAYS Rodney Gallop, ''Portugal: A Book of Folkways''], Cambridge University Press (CUP), 1936; reprint CUP Archives, 1961, Googlebooks, accessed 12 Jul 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RG100_11.pdf Francisco Martins Sarmento, "A Mourama"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314022725/http://www.csarmento.uminho.pt/docs/ndat/rg/RG100_11.pdf |date=2012-03-14}}, in ''Revista de Guimaraes'', No. 100, 1990, Centro de Estudos de Património, Universidade do Minho, accessed 12 Jul 2010 {{in lang|pt}}</ref> In [[Basque language|Basque]], ''[[mairu]]'' means moor and also refers to a mythical people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www1.euskadi.net/morris/resultado.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104134318/http://www1.euskadi.net/morris/resultado.asp|url-status=dead|title=Morris Student Plus|archive-date=November 4, 2014|website=www1.euskadi.net}}</ref>

Muslims located in [[South Asia]] were distinguished by the Portuguese historians into two groups: Mouros da Terra ("Moors of the Land") and the Mouros da Arabia/Mouros de Meca ("Moors from Arabia/Mecca" or "Paradesi Muslims").<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DZciX6WxgUC&q=sanjay+subrahmanyam+%22mappila%22|title=The Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History|last=Subrahmanyam|first=Sanjay|date=2012-04-30|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470672914|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Subrahmanyam2">Subrahmanyam, Sanjay."The Political Economy of Commerce: Southern India 1500-1650" Cambridge University Press, (2002)</ref> The Mouros da Terra were either descendants of any native convert (mostly from any of the former lower or untouchable castes) to Islam or descendants of a marriage alliance between a Middle Eastern individual and an Indian woman.

Within the context of [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese colonization]], in [[Sri Lanka]] ([[Portuguese Ceylon]]), Muslims of Arab origin are called ''Ceylon Moors'', not to be confused with "Indian Moors" of Sri Lanka (see [[Sri Lankan Moors]]). Sri Lankan Moors (a combination of "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors") make up 12% of the population. The Ceylon Moors (unlike the Indian Moors) are descendants of Arab traders who settled there in the mid-6th century. When the Portuguese arrived in the early 16th century, they labelled all the Muslims in the island as Moors as they saw some of them resembling the Moors in North Africa. The Sri Lankan government continues to identify the Muslims in Sri Lanka as "Sri Lankan Moors", sub-categorised into "Ceylon Moors" and "Indian Moors".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/cul/muslims/moors.htm|title=WWW Virtual Library:&nbsp; From where did the Moors come?|website=www.lankalibrary.com}}</ref>

The [[Goan Muslims]]—a minority community who follow [[Islam]] in the western [[India]]n coastal state of [[Goa]]—are commonly referred as ''Moir'' ({{langx|knn|मैर}}) by [[Goan Catholics]] and [[Hindu]]s.{{Ref label|a|a|none}} ''Moir'' is derived from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] word ''mouro'' ("Moor").