Editing Mount Everest (section)

==Name==
[[File:"Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest" in Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. I (1857), p. 346.jpg|thumb|The name "Mount Everest" was first proposed in this 1856 speech, later published in 1857, in which the mountain was first confirmed as the world's highest.]]

Mount Everest's [[Nepali language|Nepali]]/[[Sanskrit]] name is ''Sagarmāthā'' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] transcription) or ''Sagar-Matha''<ref name="Sagar-Matha: Nepal3">{{cite web |title=Sagar-Matha: Nepal |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1507822&fid=4445&c=nepal |access-date=18 April 2014 |website=Geographical Names |archive-date=26 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326070315/https://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1507822&fid=4445&c=nepal |url-status=live }}</ref> (सगर-माथा, {{IPA|ne|sʌɡʌrmatʰa|}}, <small>lit.</small> "goddess of the sky"<ref name="Krakauer-19973">{{cite book |last1=Krakauer |first1=Jon |title=Into Thin Air: A Personal Account of the Mt. Everest Disaster |date=1997 |publisher=Villard |isbn=978-0-679-45752-7 |location=New York}}</ref>),<ref name="Unsworth5843">{{cite book |last=Unsworth |first=Walt |title=Everest – The Mountaineering History |publisher=Bâton Wicks |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-898573-40-1 |edition=3rd |page=584}}</ref> which means "the head in the great blue sky", being derived from सगर (sagar), meaning "sky", and माथा (māthā), meaning "head".<ref>{{cite web |title=Mt. Everest 1857 |url=http://www.harappa.com/engr/darjeeling.html#everest |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226022726/http://www.harappa.com/engr/darjeeling.html |archive-date=26 December 2007 |access-date=23 January 2008 |publisher=harappa.com}}</ref>

The [[Classical Tibetan|Tibetan]] name for Everest is ''Qomolangma'' ({{lang|bo|{{linktext|ཇོ་མོ་གླང་མ}}}}, <small>lit.</small>&nbsp;"holy mother"). The name was first recorded (in a Chinese transcription) in the 1721 Kangxi Atlas, issued during the reign of [[Qing China|Qing]] [[Emperor Kangxi]]; it first appeared in the West in 1733 as ''Tchoumour Lancma'', on a map prepared by the French geographer [[Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville|D'Anville]] and based on Kangxi Atlas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Storti|first=Craig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f34jEAAAQBAJ|title=The Hunt for Mount Everest|year=2021|publisher=Quercus|isbn=978-1-5293-6629-7|language=en|access-date=24 October 2021|archive-date=5 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160709/https://books.google.com/books?id=f34jEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tibetan name is also popularly romanised as ''Chomolungma'' and (in [[Wylie transliteration|Wylie]]) as ''Jo-mo-glang-ma''.{{refn|Other variants include "Jomo Langma", "Chomo-lungma", "Djomo-lungma", "Jolmo Lungma", and "Chomolongma".<ref name="Chomo-lungma: Nepal">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506571&fid=4444&c=nepal |title=Chomo-lungma: Nepal |website=Geographical Names |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212724/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506571&fid=4444&c=nepal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Djomo-lungma: Nepal">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506699&fid=4445&c=nepal |title=Djomo-lungma: Nepal |website=Geographical Names |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212729/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506699&fid=4445&c=nepal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chomolongma: Nepal">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506569&fid=4444&c=nepal |title=Chomolongma: Nepal |website=Geographical Names |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212734/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506569&fid=4444&c=nepal |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mount Jolmo Lungma: Nepal">{{cite web |url=http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506970&fid=4445&c=nepal |title=Mount Jolmo Lungma: Nepal |website=Geographical Names |access-date=18 April 2014 |archive-date=20 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320212739/https://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1506970&fid=4445&c=nepal |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

The official [[Transcription into Chinese characters|Chinese transcription]] is {{nowrap|{{lang|zh|{{linktext|珠穆朗玛峰}}}}}} {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|珠穆朗瑪峰}}}}),}} or ''Zhūmùlǎngmǎ Fēng'' in [[pinyin]]. While other Chinese names have been used historically, including ''Shèngmǔ Fēng'' {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|聖母峰}}}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small>&nbsp;{{lang|zh|{{linktext|圣母峰}}}},}} <small>lit.</small>&nbsp;"holy mother peak"), these names were largely phased out after the Chinese [[Ministry of Civil Affairs|Ministry of Internal Affairs]] <!---name at that time is "Internal Affairs, "中央人民政府内务部"---> issued a decree to adopt a sole name in May 1952.<ref>{{cite news|title=TIBET: Call It Chomolungma|date=16 June 1952|work=Time magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,859710,00.html|access-date=12 December 2020|archive-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724103053/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,859710,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> 
<!--- Missing Nepali name history--->

The British geographic survey of 1849 attempted to preserve local names when possible (e.g., [[Kangchenjunga]] and [[Dhaulagiri]].) However, [[Andrew Scott Waugh|Andrew Waugh]], the British [[Surveyor General of India]], claimed that he could not find a commonly used local name, and that his search for one had been hampered by the Nepalese and Tibetan policy of exclusion of foreigners. Waugh argued that – because there were many local names – it would be difficult to favour one name over all others; he therefore decided that Peak XV should be named after British surveyor [[George Everest|Sir George Everest]], his predecessor as Surveyor General of India.<ref name=everest_bwp70/><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news|work= The Times |title=India and China|date=4 October 1856|page=8|issue=22490}}</ref><ref name="rgs1857">{{cite journal | title=Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London | date=April–May 1857 | volume=IX | pages=345–351}}</ref> Everest himself opposed the honour, and told the [[Royal Geographical Society]] in 1857 that "Everest" could neither be written in [[Hindi]] nor pronounced by "[[Indian people|the native of India]]". Despite Everest's objections, Waugh's proposed name prevailed, and the Royal Geographical Society officially adopted the name "Mount Everest" in 1865.<ref name=everest_bwp70/><ref>{{cite journal|title=Papers relating to the Himalaya and Mount Everest|journal=Proceedings of the London Royal Geographical Society of London|date=April–May 1857|volume=IX|pages=345–351}}</ref> The modern pronunciation of Everest ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|v|ər|ᵻ|s|t}})<ref>{{cite web|title=Mount Everest|website=Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)|publisher=Random House, Inc.|access-date=22 July 2009|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/everest|archive-date=26 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326070314/https://www.dictionary.com/browse/everest|url-status=live}}</ref> is different from Sir George's pronunciation of his surname ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|v|r|ᵻ|s|t}} {{respell|EEV|rist}}).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Olausson |first1=Lena |last2=Sangster |first2=Catherine M. |title=Oxford BBC guide to pronunciation: the essential handbook of the spoken word |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280710-6 |page=124}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, many European [[Cartography|cartographers]] incorrectly believed that a native name for the mountain was [[Gaurishankar]], a mountain between [[Kathmandu]] and Everest.<ref name="Waddell">{{cite journal|first=LA|last=Waddell|title=The Environs and Native Names of Mount Everest|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=12|number=6|date=December 1898|pages=564–569|jstor=1774275|doi=10.2307/1774275|bibcode=1898GeogJ..12..564W|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449200|issn=0016-7398|access-date=13 September 2019|archive-date=31 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531080813/https://zenodo.org/record/1449200|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other names===
[[File:Gaurisankar 1890.jpg|thumb|1890 graphic with the Himalayas, including Gaurisankar (Mount Everest) in the distance]]

* "Peak XV" (temporary, assigned by British Imperial Survey)<ref name=everest_bwp70/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="rgs1857"/>
* "Deodungha"<ref name=five>{{cite web |url=http://www.historyextra.com/facts/5-facts-about%E2%80%A6-mount-everest |title=5 Everest facts |publisher=historyextra.com |access-date=1 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406051156/http://www.historyextra.com/facts/5-facts-about%E2%80%A6-mount-everest |archive-date=6 April 2016}}</ref> (Old Darjeeling)
* "Gauri Shankar", "Gaurishankar", or "Gaurisankar" (misattribution; used occasionally until about 1900. In modern times the name is used for [[Gaurishankar|a different peak]] about {{convert|30|mi|km|abbr=off}} away.<ref name="Ahluwalia1978">{{cite book |author=H.P.S. Ahluwalia |title=Faces of Everest |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EK-CAAAAMAAJ |year=1978 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0563-2 |access-date=11 July 2016 |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005160711/https://books.google.com/books?id=EK-CAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>)