Editing Muhammad al-Bukhari (section)

== Life ==

=== Ancestry and early life ===
Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari al-Ju'fi was born after the [[Friday prayer]] on Friday, 21 July 810 (13 [[Shawwal]] 194 [[Hijri year|AH]]) in the city of [[Bukhara]] in [[Greater Khorasan]] in present-day [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |url=https://global.britannica.com/place/Transoxania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308162534/https://global.britannica.com/place/Transoxania |archive-date=8 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="melchert">{{cite encyclopedia |title=al-Bukhārī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=Brill Online |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-bukhari-COM_2isisiideiiiseijjejdjjxj |last=Melchert |first=Christopher}}{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Bukhari |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=Gale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpAYAAAAIAAJ&q=Bukhari |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor1-last=Bourgoin |editor1-first=Suzanne Michele |edition=2nd |page=112 |isbn=9780787625436 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520134155/https://books.google.com/books?id=bpAYAAAAIAAJ&q=Bukhari |archive-date=20 May 2016 |editor2-last=Byers |editor2-first=Paula Kay |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |year=1971 |title=Bukhārī |encyclopedia=A Guide to Eastern Literatures |publisher=Praeger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsZiAAAAMAAJ&q=Bukhari |access-date=19 October 2015 |editor1-last=Lang |editor1-first=David Marshall |page=33 |isbn=9780297002741 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425230836/https://books.google.com/books?id=CsZiAAAAMAAJ&q=Bukhari |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> He was of [[Persians|Persian]] descent<ref name="abdulmaujood" /><ref name="Bukhari">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1998 |title=Bukhari |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of World Biography |publisher=Gale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bpAYAAAAIAAJ&q=Bukhari |editor1-last=Bourgoin |editor1-first=Suzanne Michele |edition=2nd |page=112 |isbn=9780787625436 |editor2-last=Byers |editor2-first=Paula Kay}}</ref><ref name="Bukhārī">{{cite encyclopedia |year=1971 |title=Bukhārī |encyclopedia=A Guide to Eastern Literatures |publisher=Praeger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CsZiAAAAMAAJ&q=Bukhari |editor1-last=Lang |editor1-first=David Marshall |page=33 |isbn=9780297002741}}</ref> and his father was [[Ismail ibn Ibrahim]], a scholar of hadith and a student of [[Malik ibn Anas]], [[Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak]], and [[Hammad ibn Salamah]].<ref name="abdulmaujood">{{cite book |author=Salaahud-Deen ibn ʿAlee ibn ʿAbdul-Maujood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDxSBJ0E7kUC |title=The Biography of Imam Bukhaaree |date=December 2005 |publisher=Darussalam |others=Translated by Faisal Shafeeq |isbn=9960969053 |edition=1st |location=Riyadh |access-date=19 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624122918/https://books.google.com/books?id=NDxSBJ0E7kUC |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=About - Sahih al-Bukhari - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم) |url=https://sunnah.com/bukhari/about |access-date=2022-08-13 |website=sunnah.com}}</ref> Ismail died while Al-Bukhari was an infant. Al-Bukhari's great-grandfather, Al-Mughirah, settled in Bukhara after accepting Islam at the hands of Bukhara's governor, Yaman al-Ju'fi. As was the custom, he became a ''[[mawali|mawla]]'' of Yaman, and his family continued to carry the ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' "al-Ju'fi."<ref name="robson">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Robson |first=J. |title=al-Bukhārī, Muḥammad b. Ismāʿīl |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher=Brill Online |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-bukhari-muhammad-b-ismail-SIM_1510 |date=24 April 2012 |access-date=16 September 2016 |archive-date=21 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921023242/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-bukhari-muhammad-b-ismail-SIM_1510 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Al-Mughirah's father, Bardizbah ({{Langx|fa|بردزبه}}), is the earliest known ancestor of Al-Bukhari according to most scholars and historians. Bardizbah was a [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[Magi]]. [[Taqi al-Din al-Subki]] is the only scholar to name Bardizbah's father, who he says was named Bazzabah ({{langx|fa|بذذبه}}). Little is known of both of them except that they were [[Persians|Persian]] and followed the religion of their people.<ref name="abdulmaujood" /><ref name="Bukhari"/><ref name="Bukhārī"/> Historians have also not come across any information on Al-Bukhari's grandfather, Ibrahim ibn al-Mughirah ({{Langx|ar|إبراهيم ابن المغيرة|translit=Ibrāhīm ibn al-Mughīrā}}).<ref name="abdulmaujood" />

=== Travels and education ===
According to contemporary hadith scholar and historian [[Al-Dhahabi]], al-Bukhari began studying hadith in the Hijri year 821 CE. He memorized the works of [[Abd Allah ibn al-Mubarak]] while still a child and began writing and narrating hadith while still an adolescent. In the Hijri year 826 CE, at the age of sixteen, Al-Bukhari performed the ''[[Hajj]]'' with his elder brother and widowed mother.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0">''Tathkirah al-Huffath'', vol. 2, pg. 104-5, ''al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah'' edition</ref>  Al-Bukhari stayed in [[Mecca]] for two years, before moving to [[Medina]] where he wrote ''Qadhāyas-Sahābah wa at-Tābi'īn,'' a book about the [[Companions of the Prophet|companions]] of [[Muhammad]] and the ''[[tabi'un]].'' He also wrote ''Al-Tārīkh al-Kabīr'' during his time in Medina.<ref name=":1" />

Al-Bukhari is known to have travelled to most of the important Islamic learning centres of his time, including [[Syria]], [[Kufa]], [[Basra]], [[Egypt]], [[Yemen]], and [[Baghdad]]. He studied under prominent Islamic scholars including [[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]], [[Ali ibn al-Madini]], [[Yahya ibn Ma'in]] and [[Ishaq ibn Rahwayh]]. Al-Bukhari is known to have memorized over 600,000 ''hadith'' narrations.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Asqalani |first=Ibn Hajar |title=Hady al-Sari, the introduction to Fath al-Bari |title-link=Fath al-Bari |publisher=Darussalam Publications |pages=8–9 |author-link=Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani}}</ref>

=== ''Mihna'', later years and death ===
{{Main|Mihna}}
{{Quote box
| quote =  “The Qur'an is God’s speech, uncreated, and the acts of men are created."
| author = Al-Bukhari<ref>Brown, Jonathan (2007). "Three: The Genesis of al-Bukhārī and Muslim". The Canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 80. {{ISBN|978-90-04-15839-9}}.</ref>
| width = 20%
}}According to [[Jonathan A. C. Brown|Jonathan Brown]], following Ibn Hanbal, Al-Bukhari had reportedly declared that 'reciting the [[Quran]] is an element of createdness’. Through this assertion, Al-Bukhari had sought an alternative response to the doctrines of [[Muʿtazila|Mu'tazilites]] and declared that the element of creation is applied only to humans, not the Word of God. His statements were received negatively by prominent [[hadith scholars|''hadith'' scholars]] and he was driven out of [[Nishapur]].<ref name="rashidi">Wahab, Muhammad Rashidi, and Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar.

"The Level of Imam al-Ash'ari's Thought in Aqidah." International Journal of Islamic Thought 3 (2013), p58-70:

"Because of that, al-Bukhari in most matters related to the question of aqidah is said to take the opinion of Ibn Kullab and al-Karabisi (al-'Asqalani 2001: 1/293)"</ref><ref name="azmi">Azmi, Ahmad Sanusi. "Ahl al-Hadith Methodologies on Qur'anic Discourses in the Ninth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Ibn Hanbal and al-Bukhari." Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies 4.1 (2017): 17-26. "Supporting his master, Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d. 241/855), al-Bukhari is reported to declare that ‘reciting the Qur’an is an element of createdness’. This statement presumably proclaimed by al-Bukhari as an explanatory assertion intended to provide an alternative source of thought or reasoning for Muslims. Instead of accepting the doctrine of the Mu’tazilites (the group that champions the concept of the creation of the Qur’an), al-Bukhari appears to suggest that the element of creation is only applied to humans, not to the words of God, namely the Qur’an. The statement did, however, receive a negative response from the Muslim community, including some prominent scholars (especially Hanbalites)."</ref><ref name="drove">Melchert, Christopher. "The Piety of the Hadith folk." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34.3 (2002): 425-439. "Hadith folk in Baghdad warned those of Nishapur against the famous traditionist Bukhari, whom they then drove from the city for suggesting one's pronunciation of the Qur'an was created"</ref> Al-Bukhari, however, had only referred to the human action of reading the Qur’an, when he reportedly stated "My recitation of the Quran is created''"'' ({{Langx|ar|لفظي بالقرآن مخلوق|translit=Lafẓī bil-Qur'āni Makhlūq}}).<ref>{{Cite book |last=al-Lalaka'i |first=Abi al-Qāsim |title=Sharh Usul I'tiqād Ahl as-Sunnah wa al-Jamā'ah |publisher=Dar al-Hadith |volume=2 |location=[[Cairo]] |pages=396 |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Jonathan |title=The Canonization of al-Bukhari and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunni Hadith Canon |publisher=Brill |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-04-15839-9 |location=Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands |pages=80 |chapter=Three: The Genesis of al-Bukhārī and Muslim}}</ref> [[Al-Dhahabi]] and al-Subki asserted that Al-Bukhari was expelled due to the jealousy of certain scholars of Nishapur.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sanusi Azmi |first=Ahmad |date=April 2017 |title=Ahl al-Hadith Methodologies on Qur'anic Discourses in the Ninth Century: A Comparative Analysis of Ibn Hanbal and al-Bukhari |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318273198 |journal=Online Journal Research in Islamic Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=23 |quote=" At the crux of the disagreement regarding the meaning of apparently ambiguous terms of ‘lafz al-Qur’an’ (word of the Qur’an), in which al-Bukhari was reported to have uttered ‘lafzi bi al-Qur’an makhluq’ (my recitation of the Qur’an is created), where he is actually referring to the human action of reading the Qur’an, he was immediately at risk... . Al-Dhahabi and al-Subki related that it is due to the jealousy of some scholars of Naisabur (Nishapur).." |via=Research Gate}}</ref> Al-Bukhari spent the last twenty-four years of his life teaching the ''hadith'' he had collected. During the ''mihna'', he fled to Khartank, a village near [[Samarkand]], where he then also died on Friday, 1 September 870.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Khair2006">{{cite book |author=Tabish Khair |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcIvtBPnYL8C&q=qilghan&pg=PA393 |title=Other Routes: 1500 Years of African and Asian Travel Writing |publisher=Signal Books |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-904955-11-5 |pages=393– |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708142436/https://books.google.com/books?id=fcIvtBPnYL8C&q=qilghan&pg=PA393 |archive-date=8 July 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> Today his tomb lies within the Imam Bukhari Mausoleum<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasha |first=Muhammad Ali |date=2023-02-28 |title=Mausoleum of Imam Bukhari, Samarkand |url=https://thegulfobserver.com/mausoleum-of-imam-bukhari-samarkand/ |access-date=2023-05-11 |website=The Gulf Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> in Hartang, [[Uzbekistan]], 25 kilometers from [[Samarkand]]. It was restored in 1998 after centuries of neglect and dilapidation. The mausoleum complex consists of Al-Bukhari's tomb, a [[mosque]], a [[madrasa]], library, and a small collection of Qurans. The modern ground-level mausoleum tombstone of Al-Bukhari is only a cenotaph, the actual grave lies within a small [[crypt]] below the structure.<ref name="madainproject">{{cite web |title=Tomb of Imam al-Bukhari |url=https://madainproject.com/tomb_of_imam_al_bukhari |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512125631/https://madainproject.com/tomb_of_imam_al_bukhari |archive-date=12 May 2019 |access-date=12 May 2019 |website=Madain Project}}</ref>