Editing Murad Bey (section)

==Biography==
[[File:Murad Bey by Dutertre in Description de l Egypte 1809.jpg|thumb|Murad Bey by Dutertre in ''[[Description de l'Egypte]]'', 1809]]
While many Georgian and foreign historians claim Murad was of Georgian origin and born in [[Tbilisi]],<ref name="EFRNW">Mikaberidze, Alexander, "Murad Bey", in: Gregory Fremont-Barnes (ed., 2006), ''The Encyclopedia of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars'', Vol. 2, p. 663. ABC-CLIO, Inc.</ref><ref>The Life of J. D. Åkerblad: Egyptian Decipherment and Orientalism, By Fredrik Thomasson, p.80, Hotei Publishing, Netherlands</ref> several others believe he was a [[Circassians|Circassian]].<ref>J. Christopher Herold: ''Bonaparte in Egypt'', pages 70 and 252. New York 1962/2009</ref> In 1768, he [[Black Sea slave trade|was sold]] to the (Circassian) Mamluk [[Abu al-Dhahab]], regent of [[Ottoman Egypt]].

After the death of his master in 1775, Murad Bey was in command of the Mamluk army, whereas [[Ibrahim Bey (Mamluk)|Ibrahim Bey]] was in charge of the administrative duties of Egypt.<ref name=Pawly>{{cite book|last=Pawly|first=Ronald|title=Napoleon's Mamelukes|year=2012|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=9781780964195|pages=5–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3YWVpusV88C&q=Murad+bey+french&pg=PA6}}</ref> They survived through the persistent Ottoman attempts at overthrowing the Mamluk regime and civil strifes.<ref name="EFRNW"/> They served as [[kaymakam]]s (acting governors) in Egypt on occasion, although they effectively held ''de facto'' power for decades, even over the appointed [[Ottoman governor of Egypt]].<ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/93">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=93}}</ref><ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/138">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=138}}</ref><ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/156">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=156}}</ref>

In 1786, the Ottoman sultan [[Abdülhamid I]] sent [[Kapudan Pasha]] (grand admiral of the [[Ottoman Navy]]) [[Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pasha]] to drive out Ibrahim and Murad Bey.<ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/181">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|page=181}}</ref><ref name="sicilli">{{citation|author=Mehmet Süreyya|editor1=Nuri Akbayar|editor2=Seyit A. Kahraman|title=Sicill-i Osmanî|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btElAQAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Türkiye Kültür Bakanlığı and Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı|location=Beşiktaş, Istanbul|isbn=9789753330411|language=tr|orig-year=1890}}</ref> Hasan Pasha was fervent and thorough in his efforts and succeeded in the short term, reestablishing direct [[Ottoman Empire]] control over Egypt.<ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/181" /> [[Ismail Bey]] was appointed as new Mamluk leader and [[Shaykh al-Balad]] (civil governor and de facto ruler). However, in 1791, only five years after their expulsion by Hasan Pasha, the [[duumvir]]ate returned to Cairo from hiding in southern Egypt and took back ''de facto'' control.<ref name="JabartiPhilipp1994-2/317–322, 373">{{cite book|author1='Abd al-Rahman Jabarti|author2=Thomas Philipp|author3=Moshe Perlmann|title=Abd Al-Rahmann Al-Jabarti's History of Egypt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nw9hcgAACAAJ|volume=2|year=1994|publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart|pages=317–322, 373}}</ref> At this time, Murad Bey served as the [[amir al-hajj]] (Commander of the Hajj),<ref>{{Citation|first=Robert|last=Anderson|title=Egypt in 1800: Scenes from Napoleon's Description de L'Egypte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j1F1AAAAMAAJ&q=Emir+Hajj|publisher=Barrie & Jenkins|year=1998|page=89|isbn=9780712620062}}</ref> a position responsible for securing funds and provisions for the yearly [[Hajj]] pilgrimage and protecting it along the desert route to [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]] in the [[Hejaz]].

Murad commanded the Mamluk cavalry and [[janissary]] infantry in the [[Battle of Shubra Khit]] on 13 July 1798, but he was defeated by the French army and withdrew from the fight. Eight days later, on 21 July, he commanded the Mamluk cavalry during the [[Battle of the Pyramids]] alongside Ibrahim Bey and was defeated by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]. While Ibrahim Bey fled towards the [[Sinai Peninsula]], Murad fled to [[Cairo]] and then [[Upper Egypt]]. He mounted a brief [[guerrilla warfare]] that staved off the armies of [[Louis Desaix]] for a year.<ref name=Pawly/> While pursuing Murad Bey into Upper Egypt, the French discovered the monuments at [[Dendera]], [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]], [[Edfu]], and [[Philae]].

Murad had reportedly offered money to the French forces to leave Egypt. He offered to ally himself with the [[British Empire]] in exchange for allowing them to occupy [[Alexandria]], [[Damietta]], and [[Rosetta]].<ref name=Goldschmidt>{{cite book|last=Goldschmidt|first=Arthur|title=Biographical dictionary of modern Egypt|year=2000|publisher=Rienner|location=Boulder [u.a.]|isbn=9781555872298|page=[https://archive.org/details/00jrgo/page/138 138]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/00jrgo/page/138}}</ref> In 1800, Murad made peace with [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]]. He agreed to [[garrison]] Cairo.<ref name="EFRNW" /> He was responsible for collecting taxes from Upper Egypt on behalf of the [[French First Republic]]. He was part of the French army at the [[Battle of Heliopolis (1800)|Battle of Heliopolis]], commanding his Mamluks on the French right wing. He deserted the French before the battle and did not participate in the fighting. After the French army was [[Battle of Alexandria (1801)|defeated at Canopus]] by a British army under [[Ralph Abercromby]], the French governor of Cairo, [[Augustin Daniel Belliard]], ordered Murad Bey to assist him in defending the capital. Murad set out to assist the governor but died en route of the [[bubonic plague]].