Editing Murad V (section)

== Life ==
=== Early life ===
Murad V was born as Şehzade Mehmed Murad{{sfn|Satı|2020|p=8}} on 21 September 1840{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=16}} in the [[Çırağan Palace]]{{sfn|Satı|2020|p=6}} in [[Constantinople]].<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9368294/Istanbul ''Britannica'', "Istanbul"]: "Until the Turkish Post Office officially changed the name in 1930, however, the city continued to bear the millenary name of Constantinople."</ref> His father was Sultan [[Abdulmejid I]], son of Sultan [[Mahmud II]] and [[Bezmiâlem Sultan]]. His mother was [[Şevkefza Sultan]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Kesitler|website=Osmanlı Web Sitesi| url=http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/kesitler/anneleri.html|language=tr|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> an ethnic [[Georgians|Georgian]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Edhem|last=Eldem|title=The harem seen by Prince Salahaddin Efendi (1861–1915). Searching for women in male-authored documentation|year=2018|page=21}}</ref>

In September 1847,{{sfn|Satı|2020|pp=8–9}} aged seven, he was ceremoniously circumcised together with his younger half-brother, [[Abdul Hamid II|Şehzade Abdul Hamid]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Mehmet Arslan|title=Osmanlı saray düğünleri ve şenlikleri: Manzum sûrnâmeler|year=2008|publisher=Sarayburnu Kitaplığı|isbn=978-9944-905-63-3|page=329}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Dünden bugüne İstanbul ansiklopedisi|year=1993|publisher=Kültür Bakanlığı|isbn=978-975-7306-07-8|page=72}}</ref>

Murad was educated in the palace. His tutors included Toprik Süleyman Efendi, who taught him the [[Quran]], Ferrik Efendi, who taught him [[Ottoman Turkish|Ottoman Turkish language]], Sheikh Hafız Efendi, who taught him [[Hadith]] (the traditions of Muhammad), Monsieur Gardet, who taught him French, and Callisto Guatelli and Italian Lombardi, who taught him to play piano.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=440}}{{sfn|Satı|2020|p=9}}

=== Crown prince ===
[[File:Sultan Murad V Khan 1867-1.2R V02-1.1.jpg|thumb|180px|left|Crown Prince Murâd during his uncle's visit to Europe, Balmoral Castle, July 13, 1867 (photograph: [[W. & D. Downey]]).]]
After Abdulaziz ascended the throne after the death of Sultan Abdulmejid in 1861, Murad became the heir to the throne. He spent most of his time at his farmhouse in Kurbağalıdere which Abdulaziz had allocated to him. His family used to spend their winters in the crown prince's apartments located in the Dolmabahçe Palace and the Nisbetiye Mansion.{{sfn|Satı|2020|p=17}}{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=441}}

He participated in the visits of Abdulaziz to Egypt in 1863 and to Europe in 1867. While he was appreciated by the European rulers for his kindness, his uncle, who was uncomfortable with this, had planned to send him back to Istanbul. [[Napoleon III]] and [[Queen Victoria]] showed greater interest in Murad than in Abdulaziz. Moreover, special invitations and excursions were organized for the crown prince.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=442}}

He frequently communicated with the New Ottomans, who wanted a constitutional regime. Şinasi, whom he met frequently, exchanged ideas with [[Namık Kemal]] and [[Ziya Pasha]] on constitutionalism, democracy and freedom. Through Ziya Pasha and his private physician Kapoleon Efendi, he also communicated with [[Midhat Pasha]], the leading statesman of the [[Tanzimat]] era and leader of the [[Young Ottomans]], which was dissatisfied with Sultan Abdulaziz's rule.<ref name="Murad">{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=Murad V| url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/murad-v|last=Küçük|first=Cevdet|volume=31|pages=183–185}}</ref>

Murad was the first member of the Ottoman dynasty to become a member of [[Freemasonry in Turkey|the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hür ve Kabul Edilmiş Masonlar Büyük Locası Derneği|date=13 April 2014|url=http://162.243.49.51/web/03_turkiye.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413150805/http://162.243.49.51/web/03_turkiye.html|archive-date=13 April 2014| url-status=dead|language=tr|access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> On 20 October 1872,{{sfn|Satı|2020|p=41}} Murad was secretly inducted into the lodge, sponsored by his chamberlain Seyyid Bey. Murad rose through the ranks in the lodge. At one point he proposed establishing an independent Ottoman lodge to be named Envar-ı Şarkiye, "Eastern Lights", with its ritual conducted in Turkish, but the plan was never realized.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=69 n. 44}}

==== Succession question ====
Sultan Abdulaziz tried to change the succession system in favor of his own son [[Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin]].<ref name="́gostonMasters2010">{{cite book|author1=Ga ́bor A ́goston|author2=Bruce Alan Masters|title=Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|date= 2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7|page=404}}</ref> For this purpose Abdulaziz set out to mollify different pressure groups and have his son gain popularity among them. During the 1867 visit to Europe, rumors spread that contrary to the rules of protocol Abdulaziz arranged Izzeddin's reception in Paris and London before the official heir, Prince Murad. When the conservative [[Mahmud Nedim Pasha]] became the [[grand vizier]] in September 1871, he lent his support to Abdulaziz's plans.{{sfn|Zachs|Weismann|2005|p=41}} To further legitimize his plans, Abdulaziz tactically supported a change to primogeniture in the [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] of Egypt. By granting primogeniture to [[Isma'il Pasha]] in 1866, Abdulaziz was clearly seeking to create a positive climate of opinion about a change in favour of his own son.{{sfn|Zachs|Weismann|2005|p=43}}

=== Reign ===
==== Accession ====
{{Main|1876 Ottoman coup d'état}}
[[File:Şehzade Murad en route to be crowned.png|thumb|150px|right|Murad en route to be crowned]]
As a result, Murad cooperated with the constitutionalist circles and took part in the deposition of Abdulaziz.<ref name="́gostonMasters2010"/> On the night of 29–30 May 1876, the committee led by the Midhat Pasha and the [[Ministry of War (Ottoman Empire)|Minister of War]], [[Hüseyin Avni Pasha]], deposed Abdulaziz and raised Murad to the throne.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=16}}

Though Murad acceded to the throne, he was not able to retain it.<ref name="́gostonMasters2010"/> He struggled to appear normal in his new role, so at odds with his previously quiet life of dabbling in music.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=16}} His weak nerves, combined with alcoholism, led to a mental breakdown.<ref name="́gostonMasters2010"/> His deposed uncle's death, only days after Murad's accession, stunned him, and, along with the distress over the abruptness with which he was brought to the throne as well as the demands put upon him as ruler, led to anxious thoughts that the world would interpret his uncle's death as something he had ordered.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=16}}

==== Illness and deposition ====
Murad began to manifest bizarre behavior that preceded his complete collapse. The government leaders called in the Viennese specialist in psychiatric disorders, [[Max Leidesdorf]], who concluded that Murad could make a complete recovery with three months' treatment in a clinic, which the other Ottoman leaders were unwilling to attempt. A mentally competent prince on the throne formed an essential component of their plans to implement reforms with due legitimacy. Murad's younger brother and heir to the throne, Abdul Hamid, however, appeared both physically and mentally healthy, and supported their plans to introduce parliamentary government to the Empire.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=16–17}}

Securing a sanction by [[Shaykh al-Islām|Şeyhülislam]] of Murad's dethronement, as well as Abdul Hamid's promise to proclaim a constitution,{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=17}} Midhat Pasha and the Ottoman government deposed Murad on 31 August 1876,<ref name="́gostonMasters2010"/> on the grounds of mental illness. His reign had lasted for only 93 days.<ref name="vomit">Palmer, Alan. ''The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire'', 1992. pp. 141–143.</ref> His younger half-brother ascended to the throne and was crowned Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]]. Murad was confined to the [[Çırağan Palace]], not being permitted to leave the palace grounds on Abdul Hamid's orders.<ref name="́gostonMasters2010"/>

=== Confinement ===
In confinement, Murad's consort [[Gevherriz Hanım]] worked with Nakşifend Kalfa, the [[hazinedar]] Dilberengiz, the eunuch Hüseyin Ağa, and Hüsnü Bey (who had been Second Secretary of Murad) to allow for a British physician to meet with Murad to ascertain Murad's mental fitness. When the physician arrived, Gevherriz served as translator. It is not clear how true this story is, and it is possible the physician was sent by freemasons rather than by the British.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=68–72}}

In 1877, some nine months into confinement, Murad regained his mental faculties. The first two years of his confinement in Çırağan witnessed three attempts by supporters to free him and restore him to the throne, but all three resulted only in Abdul Hamid's tightening the cordon that isolated Çırağan Palace from the city around it.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=17}}

==== Ali Suavi incident ====
{{main|Çırağan incident}}
[[File:Ali Suavi-2.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Ali Suavi, an Ottoman political activist, journalist, educator, theologian and reformer, involved in the incident]]
On 20 May 1878,{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=76 n. 51}} an attempt was made to liberate Murad from the Çırağan Palace and restore him to the throne. Murad's brothers, [[Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin]] and [[Şehzade Selim Süleyman]], and sisters, [[Fatma Sultan (daughter of Abdulmejid I)|Fatma Sultan]] and [[Seniha Sultan]], and her husband Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha were involved in the plot.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=76}} They all wanted to see Murad regain the throne.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=76 n. 51}} During the incident, [[Ali Suavi]], a radical political opponent of Abdul Hamid's authoritarian regime, stormed the palace with a band of armed refugees from the recent [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]].{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=76 n. 51}} The Ottoman battleship ''[[Ottoman ironclad Mesudiye|Mesudiye]]'' was anchored offshore the palace to take Murad and announce his accession.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=79, 85 n. 62}} But he did not reach the ship,{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=79}} and Ali Suavi's men were unable to overcome the Beşiktaş police prefect Hacı Hasan Pasha's fierce resistance.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=79–80}} The plot failed, and Ali Suavi and most of his men were killed.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=76 n. 51, 80 n. 56}} According to "İngiliz" ("English") Said Pasha,<ref>He wasn't English nor British, the reason why he was called as such resulted from him speaking English fluently and being pro-British in foreign policy.</ref> moments before his death, Ali Suavi took Murad's arm and said to him, "O our Lord, come, deliver us from the Muscovites." ("''Aman efendimiz, gel bizi Moskoflardan ḫalâṣ et.''")<ref>{{cite book |last1=Çağlar |first1=Burhan |title=İngiliz Said Paşa ve Günlüğü (Jurnal) |date=2010 |publisher=Arı Sanat |location=İstanbul |isbn=9944742252 |page=143 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7D0pX8btt4oC&pg=PA143 |access-date=1 February 2025}}</ref> In the aftermath, security at the Çırağan Palace was tightened.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=85}}

==== Life in confinement ====
[[File:Istanbul Çırağan Palace (239841121).jpeg|thumb|right|Çırağan Palace, where Murad and his family were confined by Sultan Abdul Hamid for twenty-eight years until Murad's death in 1904]]
His mental faculties restored, Murad lived out a far more benign existence than that attributed to him by the Western press. Reports through the years claimed that he languished in prison, or escaped and was hiding, or lectured his brother on the Armenian troubles.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=17}}

After his mother's death in 1889, Murad focused all his love and attention on his children. Selaheddin became his companion in grief, and the two of them passed long hours together reminiscing and speculating about the future. For a time, they took an interest in the ''[[Mesnevi]]'', taking great pleasure in reciting verses from it.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=98–99}}

=== Death and legacy ===
[[File:Sultan Mourad Khan V (1876-abdication 1876).jpg|thumb|150px|right|Poster produced after his death]]
At length, suffering from diabetes, Murad died at the Çırağan Palace on 29 August 1904.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|p=17}} While his senior consort [[Mevhibe Kadın]] and his son Selahaddin reported that Murad was willing to be buried in the mausoleum of Yahya Efendi, Abdul Hamid did not approve of it. The next day, Murad's funeral was carried out without announcement and ceremony. His body was washed and shrouded in the [[Topkapı Palace]] and then taken to the Hidayet Mosque in Bahçekapı. After the funeral procession, he was buried next to his mother, Şevkefza, in the New Mosque, Istanbul.{{sfn|Sakaoğlu|2015|p=450}}

An important primary source about his life comes from the memoirs of one of his consorts, [[Filizten Hanım]], written in the 1930s.{{sfn|Brookes|2010|pp=13–14}}