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Muscular dystrophy
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==Signs and symptoms== [[File:Gould Pyle 216.jpg|thumb|Severe limb deformities and [[contractures]] indicative of muscular dystrophy]] The signs and symptoms consistent with muscular dystrophy are:<ref>{{EMedicine|article|1259041|Muscular Dystrophy Clinical Presentation}}</ref>{{columns-list|colwidth=22em| * Progressive muscular wasting * Poor balance * [[Scoliosis]] (abnormal curvature of the spine or the back)<ref name=Elsobky2024>{{cite journal |last1=El-Sobky |first1=Tamer A. |last2=Abdulhady |first2=Hala |last3=Mahmoud |first3=Shady |last4=Amen |first4=John |title=Orthopedic manifestations of congenital muscular dystrophy subtypes in children: Emerging signatures need consolidation: a scoping review |journal=Journal of Musculoskeletal Surgery and Research |date=31 January 2024 |volume=8 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.25259/JMSR_229_2023}}</ref> * [[Muscle contracture]] leads to limited range of movement of joints.<ref name=Elsobky2024/> * [[Muscle spasms]] * Progressive inability to walk * [[Waddling gait]] * [[Gowers' sign]] as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. * Calf deformation as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. * [[Respiratory]] difficulty <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Birnkrant |first1=DJ |last2=Bushby |first2=K |last3=Bann |first3=CM |last4=Alman |first4=BA |last5=Apkon |first5=SD |last6=Blackwell |first6=A |last7=Case |first7=LE |last8=Cripe |first8=L |last9=Hadjiyannakis |first9=S |last10=Olson |first10=AK |last11=Sheehan |first11=DW |last12=Bolen |first12=J |last13=Weber |first13=DR |last14=Ward |first14=LM |title=Diagnosis and management of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, part 2: respiratory, cardiac, bone health, and orthopaedic management. |journal=The Lancet. Neurology |date=April 2018 |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=347–361 |doi=10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30025-5 |pmid=29395990|pmc=5889091 }}</ref> * [[Cardiomyopathy]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bădilă |first1=E |last2=Lungu |first2=II |last3=Grumezescu |first3=AM |last4=Scafa Udriște |first4=A |last5=Rosenthal |first5=David |last6=Duboc |first6=Denis |last7=Melacini |first7=Paola |title=Diagnosis of Cardiac Abnormalities in Muscular Dystrophies. |journal=Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) |date=12 May 2021 |volume=57 |issue=5 |page=488 |doi=10.3390/medicina57050488 |doi-access=free |pmid=34066119|pmc=8151418 }}</ref> }}
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