Editing Music of Goa (section)

==Indigenous traditional music==
[[File:Codice Casanatense Hindu Marriage Right.jpg|thumb|Musicians and dancers at a Hindu wedding ceremony, from the [[Códice Casanatense]] (c. 1540)]]
The traditional Goan musical instruments include ''[[dhol]]'', ''[[mridanga]]'', ''[[tabla]]'', ''[[ghumat]]'', ''[[dholak]]'', ''[[kansallem]]'', ''[[mhadalem]]'', ''[[shehnai]]'', ''surt'', ''tasso'', ''nagado'', ''chowgudo'', and ''[[Tanpura (instrument)|tambura.]]'' The [[ghumat]] is an earthen-ware pot-like vessel made by Goan potters with openings on the two opposite sides, one large and the other small in diameter, with the middle portion much bulging outwards. On the larger opening with the edge conveniently moulded for the fitting, a wet skin of a lizard (lacerta ocelata), known in Konkani as sap or [[gar]], is fully stretched to cover the whole surface of the opening. The ghumat is essential for Hindu festivals, some temple rituals like [[Suvari]] [[vadan]], bhivari and mando performances. A [[mhadalem]] is a cylindrical earthen vessel covered at both ends with the skin of a lizard and is mostly played by the [[Kunbis]]. The chowgudo consists of two ‘dhobe’ and ‘zil’ placed in a cross form, facing each other, and played with sticks held in both hands.

{{Indian music|expanded=Territory}}''Surpavo'' and ''konpavo'' are flutes of the [[dhangar]] community of Goa. The ''surpavo'' is a long bamboo flute of the shepherds. The instrument is like a staff and is around 60–70&nbsp;cm long.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://musicartsdance.blogspot.com/2013/03/are-goan-musical-instruments-extinct-by.html|title=M.A.D: Are Goan musical instruments extinct? By Revllone|website=Musicartsdance.blogspot.com|date=12 March 2013|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406122604/http://musicartsdance.blogspot.com/2013/03/are-goan-musical-instruments-extinct-by.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Its sound is described as being 'soft and sweet'.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/12459/14/14_appendix.pdf|title=Appendices|website=Shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=23 March 2022}}</ref> The ''konpavo'' is 20–30&nbsp;cm long.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlmFNXugKJsC |title = Folk Dances of Goa|last1 = Kheḍekara|first1 = Vināyaka Vishṇu|year = 2010}}</ref> Its tone is described as being 'bright and high-pitched'.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix /> It is played in the upright position and is made of bamboo with a reed. This instrument is said to calm aggressive or disturbed cattle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goachitra.com/research.html|title=Goa Chitra: Research|website=Goachitra.com|access-date=2019-04-06|archive-date=2019-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407113758/http://www.goachitra.com/research.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Surt'' (Konkani: सूर्त) is a long wooden tube fixed with a funnel shaped bell with three holes.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix /> It is used to accompany the [[shehnai]].<ref>Rajhauns New Generation Konkani English dictionary</ref> ''Shing'' is a heavy curved brass trumpet with a shrill, hoarse tone. ''Korno'' (Konkani: कोरनो) is a wooden straight trumpet with a funnel-shaped bell. ''Banko'' is a curved brass pipe instrument with four pipes fitted in one another.<ref name=GoanHistoryDocAppendix /> It has a harsh and loud sound.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://digitalgoa.com/fairs-and-festival-of-goa/|title=Fairs and Festival of Goa|website=Digitalgoa.com|date=17 February 2016|access-date=6 April 2019|archive-date=3 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303065700/http://digitalgoa.com/fairs-and-festival-of-goa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Being part of Portugal for over 450 years led to the introduction of the [[piano]], [[mandolin]] and [[violin]] to Goa. Other instruments such as the [[Drum kit|drums]], [[guitar]] and trumpet were also widely used. Schools in this period taught pupils at least one such instrument. It is said that ''Goans have music in their blood'', a statement further strengthened by the role music and dance plays in Goan culture. Popular folk dances such as the Portuguese [[Corridinho]] are still part of Catholic weddings.

Konkani song may be classified in four groups: one which draws on the more pristine form in music and verse, as in the ''[[fugdi]]'' or the ''dhalo''; the second which blends western and native music but retains Konkani lyrics as in [[deknni]]s; the third which blends native and western music as well as language as in [[dulpod]]; and the fourth which has a marked influence of western music and lyrics (in Konkani) with borrowed Portuguese words as in [[Mando (music)|mando.]]

As many as 35<ref>Pereira, José/ Martins, Micael. 1984: Nr. 145, p. 62. Refer also to Rodrigues, Manuel C. 1957. “Folk Songs of Goa “, in : Goan Tribune of 6.10.1957, pp. 9-10.</ref> types of Konkani Song have been classified. These include ''banvarh, deknni, dhalo, dulpod, duvalo, [[Fell (music)|fell]]'' song, ''[[fugdi|fughri]], kunnbi'' song, ''launimm, mando, [[ovi (music)|ovi]], palnnam, talghari, [[tiatr]]'' song, ''[[Zagor (music)|zagor]]'' song and ''[[zoti]]''. The Christian hymns and Hindu religious songs are also characterized separately with the former related to contemporary western styles.

* Banvarh is a mourning song, usually sung on the day of cremation by Hindus.
* [[Deknni]] is a song which originated in [[Bardez]], [[Ilhas]] and [[Salcete]].
* [[Dhalo]] is a wedding song.
* [[Dulpod]] is a dance song with quick rhythm and themes from everyday Goan life.
* Duvallo is a pregnancy song.
* [[Fell (music)|Fell]] is folk drama with themes from Indian epics or Indian history. It is performed by wandering artists usually after the rains, which start in June and end in August or September. The ''fell'' song is a dance song.
* [[Fugdi|Fughri]] is a dance song performed on religious occasions, particularly in honour of the deity [[Ganesha]].
* The ''Kunnbi'', who are probably together with the ''Gaudde'' the oldest inhabitants of Goa, belong to the peasant strata. The kunnbi song is a dance song in the fughri style depicting their own life, but also protesting against exploitation and social discrimination in a subtle manner.
* Launim is a song dealing with religious and legendary themes.
* [[Mando (music)|Mando]] is a dance song whose major theme is love, the minor ones being historical narratives, grievance against exploitation and social injustice, and political resistance during the Portuguese presence in Goa.
* Ovi, which the Portuguese termed as versos, is a song with nuptial themes. It has the Sanskrit root ''vri'' which means “to choose, to select”. The ovi has three rhymed lines and one unrhymed. The former contain each three or four words and the fourth line one, two, and exceptionally three words. The number of syllables is nine for the rhymed lines and four or five for the last line. The early Portuguese Christian missionaries adopted the ovi-form for liturgical and devotional hymns.
* Palnnam is a cradle song, a lullaby.
* Talgarhi is a song of the Gaudde. The theatre song is sung during the stage play, mainly performed by wandering artists during the dry season. They entertain the public while touching on daily life, but also sing subtle satires on local politics and the shortcomings of Goans.
* [[Zagor (music)|Zagor]] means “watch”. The zagor song is sung in kunnbi folk plays depicting their own life. They are usually staged at night.
* [[Zoti]] is sung at nuptials.

The Christian hymns and Hindu songs for the liturgy and popular devotions form an essential part of Goan daily life. It is common for passersby to hear people playing instruments in their houses during the evening hours.