Editing Mussoorie (section)

==History==
[[File:1890s Landhaur Bazaar, Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India.jpg|thumb|Landour Bazaar in the 1890s]]

Mussoorie has long been known as Queen of the Hills. The name Mussoorie is often attributed to a derivation of ''{{Transliteration|hi|ISO|[[Coriaria nepalensis|mansūr]]}}'', a shrub which is indigenous to the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mussoorie Tourism :- History of Mussoorie {{!}} Mussoorie History {{!}} British Rule Mussoorie {{!}} About Mussoorie |url=https://www.mussoorietourism.in/history_of_Mussoorie.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.mussoorietourism.in}}</ref> The town is often referred to as ''Mansuri'' by Indians.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uttarakhandtourism.gov.in/destination/mussoorie/|title=Mussoorie &#124; Uttarakhand Tourism Development Board |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government Of Uttarakhand, India|access-date=18 December 2019}}</ref>

In 1803 the [[Gorkhas]] under [[Amar Singh Thapa]] conquered the Garhwal and the Dehra, whereby Mussoorie was established. On 1 November 1814, a war broke out between the Gorkhas and the British. Dehradun and Mussoorie were evacuated by the Gorkhas by the year 1815 and were annexed to the district of Saharanpur by 1819.

Mussoorie as a resort was established in 1825 by Captain [[Frederick Young (East India Company officer)|Frederick Young]], a British military officer. With [[Frederick John Shore|F. J. Shore]], the resident Superintendent of Revenues at Dehradun, who explored the region and built a shooting lodge on Camel's Back Road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Mussoorie {{!}} Mussoorie History {{!}} British Rule Mussoorie {{!}} About Mussoorie|url=https://www.mussoorietourism.in/history_of_Mussoorie.html|access-date=5 May 2021|website=www.mussoorietourism.in}}</ref> Young became a magistrate of Doon in 1823. He raised the first [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gurkha Regiment]] and planted the first potatoes in the valley. His tenure in Mussoorie ended in 1844, after which he served in [[Dimapur]] and [[Darjeeling]], later retiring as a General and returning to Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for services or information |url=https://www.gov.ie/en/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=www.gov.ie |language=en}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} There are no memorials to commemorate Young in Mussoorie. However, there is a Young Road in Dehradun on which [[ONGC]]'s<ref>{{Cite web |title=ONGC - Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited |url=https://www.ongcindia.com/wps/wcm/connect/en/home |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=www.ongcindia.com}}</ref> Tel Bhawan{{clarify|date=April 2020}} stands.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=ONGC: The Untold Story |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/ongc--the-untold-story.html#:~:text=The%20%E2%80%9CPatiala%20House%E2%80%9D,%20on%206,%20Young%20Road,,cantonment%20area%20had%20a%20crucial%20role%20to |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

In 1832, Mussoorie was the intended terminus of the [[Great Trigonometric Survey]] of India that began at the southern tip of the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IMA India Conferences |url=https://www.ima-india.com/ceostrat2019/index.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.ima-india.com}}</ref> Although unsuccessful, the Surveyor General of India at the time, [[George Everest]], wanted the new office of the [[Survey of India]] to be based in Mussoorie; a compromise location was [[Dehradun]], where it remains.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mussoorie – Thetravellingtribe |url=https://thetravellingtribe.com/mussoorie/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=thetravellingtribe.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The same year the first [[Beer|beer brewery]] at Mussoorie was established by Sir Henry Bohle as "[[Old Brewery (Mussoorie)|The Old Brewery]]". The brewery opened and closed twice before it was re-established by Sir John Mackinnon as Mackinnon & Co. in 1850.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/The-Mussoorie-brew-which-had-Ghalib-hooked/articleshow/49210000.cms|title=The Mussoorie brew which had Ghalib hooked|date=3 October 2015|first=Prachi Raturi |last=Misra|work=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref>

By 1901, Mussoorie's population had grown to 6,461, rising to 15,000 in the summer. Earlier, Mussoorie was approachable by road from [[Saharanpur]], {{convert|58|mi|km}} away. Accessibility became easier in 1900 with the railway coming to [[Dehradun]], thus shortening the road trip to {{convert|21|mi|km}}.<ref>{{EB1911|wstitle=Mussoorie|volume=19|page=97}}</ref>
[[File:Mussoorie View from top of the hill.jpg|thumb|A view of the [[Kempty Falls]] from top of the hill. Kempty Fall is {{cvt|15|km}} from Mussoorie along Kempty Fall Road]][[File:Mountain forest of mussoorie.jpg|thumb|Another view from top of a hill]]

The Nehru family, including Nehru's daughter Indira (later [[Indira Gandhi]]) were frequent visitors to Mussoorie in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, and stayed at the [[Savoy Hotel (Mussoorie)|Savoy Hotel]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/vivacity/murder-at-savoy.html|title=Murder at Savoy|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> They also spent time in nearby [[Dehradun]], where Nehru's sister [[Vijayalakshmi Pandit]] ultimately settled full-time.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Subramanian|first=Archana|date=14 September 2017|title=Breaking the glass ceiling|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/breaking-the-glass-ceiling/article19669886.ece|access-date=5 May 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 20 April 1959, during the [[1959 Tibetan Rebellion]], the [[14th Dalai Lama]] took up residence at Mussoorie, this until April 1960 when he relocated to [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] in Himachal Pradesh,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dalailama.com/the-dalai-lama/events-and-awards/chronology-of-events|title=Chronology of Events|date=9 April 2020|website=The 14th Dalai Lama|language=en|access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> where the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] is today headquartered.

The first Tibetan school was established in Mussoorie in 1960. Tibetans settled mainly in [[Happy Valley, Mussoorie|Happy Valley]]. Today, about 5,000 Tibetans live in Mussoorie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Central Tibetan Schools Administration|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=88202|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=10 May 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Ellangowan Snow (14644702587).jpg|thumb|Mussoorie experiences heavy snowfall during winter]]