Editing Names of God (section)

== Abrahamic and related religions ==
{{Further|El (deity)}}

=== Judaism ===
{{Main|Names of God in Judaism}}
{{Further|I Am that I Am|Yahweh|Tetragrammaton|Elohim|El Shaddai|Elyon}}
[[El (deity)|El]] comes from a root word meaning "god" or "deity", reconstructed in the [[Proto-Semitic language]] as ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/ʔil-|ʾil]]''. Sometimes referring to God and sometimes the mighty when used to refer to the God of Israel, El is almost always qualified by additional words that further define the meaning that distinguishes him from [[false god]]s. A common title of God in the Hebrew Bible is Elohim (Hebrew: {{Lang|he|אלהים}}). The root ''[[Eloah]]'' ({{Lang|he|אלה}}) is used in poetry and late prose (e.g., the [[Book of Job]]) and ending with the masculine plural suffix ''-im'' {{Lang|he|ים}} creating a word like ''[[baal|ba`alim]]'' ('owners') and ''[[adon]]im'' ('lords', 'masters') that may also indicate a singular identity.

In the [[Book of Exodus]], God commands Moses to tell the people that 'I AM' sent him, and this is revered as one of the most important names of God according to [[Pentateuch|Mosaic]] tradition.

{{Blockquote|Moses said to God, "Suppose I go to the Israelites and say to them, 'The God of your fathers has sent me to you,' and they ask me, 'What is his name?' Then what shall I tell them?" God said to Moses, "''I Am who I Am.'' This is what you are to say to the Israelites: '''I Am'' has sent me to you.{{'"}} God also said to Moses, "Say to the Israelites, 'The Lord, the God of your fathers—the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac and the God of Jacob—has sent me to you.' This is my name forever, the name you shall call me from generation to generation".|{{Bibleverse|Exodus|3:13-15}}}}

In {{bibleverse|Exodus|6:3}}, when Moses first spoke with God, God said, "I used to appear to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but I did not make myself known to them by my name YHWH."

YHWH ({{Script/Hebrew|יהוה}}) is the proper name of God in Judaism. Neither vowels nor [[vowel pointed|vowel points]] were used in ancient Hebrew writings and the original vocalisation of YHWH has been lost.<ref name=WGPlaut-YHWH>"How the [[Names of God in Judaism|Name]] was originally vocalized is no longer certain. Its pronunciation was in time restricted to the Temple service, then to the High Priest intoning it on the [[Day of Atonement]], after, and after the destruction of the Temple it received a substitute pronunciation both for the reading of [[Torah|Scripture]] and for its use at [[Jewish prayer|prayer]]." {{cite book |last1=Plaut |first1=W. Gunther; Leviticus / Bernard J. Bamberger; Essays on ancient Near Eastern literature / commentaries by William W. Hallo |title=[Torah] = The Torah : a modern commentary |date=1985 |publisher=Union of Hebrew Congregations |location=New York |isbn=0807400556 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/torahtorahm00plau/page/424 424–426] |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/torahtorahm00plau/page/424}}</ref>

Later commentaries additionally suggested that the true pronunciation of this name is composed entirely of [[vowel]]s, such as the Greek {{Lang|grc|Ιαουε}}.<ref name="Iaou" /> However, this is put into question by the fact that vowels were only distinguished in the time-period by their very absence due to the lack of explicit vowels in the Hebrew script. The resulting substitute made from [[Mater lectionis|semivowels and glottals]], known as the tetragrammaton, is not ordinarily permitted to be pronounced aloud, even in prayer. The prohibition on misuse (not use) of this name is the primary subject of the command not to [[Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain|take the name of the Lord in vain]].

Instead of pronouncing YHWH during prayer, Jews say "[[Adonai]]" ('Lord'). ''[[Halakha]]'' requires that secondary rules be placed around the primary law, to reduce the chance that the main law will be broken. As such, it is common religious practice to restrict the use of the word "Adonai" to prayer only. In conversation, many Jewish people, even when not speaking Hebrew, will call God ''[[HaShem]]'' ({{Lang|he|השם}}), which is Hebrew for 'the Name'; this appears in {{Bibleverse|Leviticus|24:11}}.

Almost all [[Orthodox Jews]] avoid using either Yahweh or Jehovah altogether on the basis that the actual pronunciation of the tetragrammaton has been lost in antiquity. Many use the term ''HaShem'' as an indirect reference, or they use "God" or "The Lord" instead. Mark Sameth argues that Yahweh was a pseudo name for a dual-gendered deity, the four letters of that name being cryptogram which the priests of ancient Israel read in reverse as {{tlit|he|huhi}}, 'he–she', as earlier theorized by [[Guillaume Postel]] (16th century) and {{interlanguage link|Michelangelo Lanci|it}} (19th century).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sameth |first=Mark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozzpDwAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Name:+A+History+of+the+Dual-Gendered+Hebrew+Name+for+God%22 |title=The Name: A History of the Dual-Gendered Hebrew Name for God |publisher=Wipf & Stock |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-5326-9384-7 |page=25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xyoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22earlier+form+1551;+final+state+1566%22&pg=PA337 |title=Tetragrammaton: Western Christians and the Hebrew Name of God |publisher=Brill |year=2015 |isbn=9789004288171 |location=Boston |page=337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Postel |first=Guillaume |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EmkytAEACAAJ |title=Le thrésor des prophéties de l'univers |publisher=Springer |year=1969 |isbn=9789024702039 |pages=211 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lanci |first=Michelangelo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-q4WAAAAQAAJ&dq=Paralipomeni+Alla+Illustrazione+Della+Sagra+Scrittura&pg=PR15 |title=Paralipomeni alla illustrazione della sagra Scrittura |publisher=Dondey-Dupre |year=1845 |isbn=978-1274016911 |edition=Facsmile of the first |pages=100–113 |language=it}}</ref>

=== Christianity ===
{{Main|Names of God in Christianity}}
{{Further|Jehovah}}
[[File:Fiskebackskil altare.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|The Divine Name [[YHWH]] on a Lutheran Christian altar at Fiskebäckskil Church in Sweden]]
[[File:JEHOVAH at RomanCatholic Church Saint-Fiacre Dison Belgium.JPG|upright=1.2|thumb|[[Jehovah]], a vocalization of the Divine Name [[YHWH]], on a stained glass window in of Saint-Fiacre de Dison Catholic Church in Belgium]]
{{See also|Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament}}
In Christianity, the Old Testament reveals [[YHWH]] ({{Script/Hebrew|יהוה}}; often vocalized with vowels as "Yahweh" or "Jehovah") as the personal name of God.<ref name="Parke-Taylor2006">{{cite book |last1=Parke-Taylor |first1=G. H. |title=Yahweh: The Divine Name in the Bible |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[Wilfrid Laurier University Press]] |isbn=978-0-88920-652-6 |page=4}}</ref><ref name="USCCB2008">{{cite web |title=The Name of God in the Liturgy |url=http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/frequently-asked-questions/the-name-of-god-in-the-liturgy.cfm |publisher=[[United States Conference of Catholic Bishops]] |year=2008}}</ref> References, such as ''The New [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', affirm the vocalization "Yahweh" by offering additional specifics to its (Christian) reconstruction out of Greek sources:
<blockquote>Early Christian writers, such as Clement of Alexandria in the 2nd century, had used a form like Yahweh, and claim that this pronunciation of the tetragrammaton was never really lost. Other Greek transcriptions also indicated that YHWH should be pronounced Yahweh.<ref name="Iaou">''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol. 12, 1998, Chicago, IL, article "Yahweh", p. 804.</ref></blockquote>

[[Jah]] or Yah (rendered as {{Script/Hebrew|יָהּ}} in Hebrew) is an abbreviation of Jahweh/Yahweh/Jehovah.<ref name="Loewen2020">{{cite book |last1=Loewen |first1=Jacob A. |title=The Bible in Cross Cultural Perspective |date=1 June 2020 |publisher=William Carey Publishing |isbn=978-1-64508-304-7 |page=182 |edition=Revised}}</ref> It appears in certain translations of the Bible, such as the [[Revised Standard Version]], and is used by Christians in the interjection [[Hallelujah]], meaning "Praise Jah", which is used to give Jahweh glory.<ref name="Loewen2020"/> In Christianity, certain hymns dedicated to God invoke the divine name using the vocalization [[Jehovah]] ({{lang|hbo|{{Script/Hebrew|יְהֹוָה}}}}, {{tlit|hbo|Yəhōwā}}), such as ''[[Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah]]''.<ref name="Barrett2020">{{cite book |last1=Barrett |first1=Michael P. V. |title=The Gospel of Exodus: Misery, Deliverance, Gratitude |date=20 September 2020 |publisher=Reformation Heritage |isbn=978-1-60178-804-7}}</ref>

The Hebrew personal name of God YHWH is rendered as "the {{Lord}}" in many translations of the Bible, with Elohim being rendered as "God"; certain translations of Scripture render the Tetragrammaton with Yahweh or Jehovah in particular places, with the latter vocalization being used in the [[King James Version]], [[Tyndale Bible]], and other translations of the Bible from that time period and later.<ref name=WGPlaut-Jehovah>"The [[Masoretes]] who vocalized the [[Tanakh|Hebrew text]] took the [[vowel pointed|vowels]] from the word Adonai ({{lang|he|אֲדֹנָי}}) and put them with {{lang|he|יהוה}} (together: {{lang|he|יְהֹוָה}}) to remind the reader not to pronounce the name but to substitute Adonai. A Christian writer of the sixteenth century who was unaware of this substitution transcribed the word as he saw it, namely as [[Jehovah]], and this error has since entered many Christian Bibles [5]. 5. Only rarely has the pronunciation Jehovah been given scholarly endorsement; one exception is J. Neubauer, ''Bibelwissenschaftliche Irrungen'' (Berlin: Louis Lamm, 1917), who bases his opinion on [[Jerusalem Talmud]] San.. 10:1, describing the controversy between the Rabbanites and the Samaritans over the proniunciation. M. S. Enslin, ''The Prophet from Nazareth'' (New York: Schocken, 1968), p. 19, n. 7, calls the vocalization Jehovah an "orthoepic monstrosity".{{cite book |last1=Plaut |first1=W. Gunther; Leviticus / Bernard J. Bamberger; Essays on ancient Near Eastern literature / commentaries by William W. Hallo |title=The Torah : a modern commentary |year=1985 |publisher=Union of Hebrew Congregations |location=New York |isbn=0807400556 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/torahtorahm00plau/page/425 425] |edition=4th |url=https://archive.org/details/torahtorahm00plau/page/425}}</ref> Many English translations of the Bible (such as ESV, NIV, KJV, etc.) translate the tetragrammaton as [[Lord#Religion|{{LORD}}]], thus removing any form of YHWH from the written text and going well beyond the Jewish oral practice of substituting Adonai for YHWH when reading aloud.<ref>{{cite web |author=NASB |year=1995 |title=Preface to the New American Standard Bible |work=[[New American Standard Bible]] (Updated Edition) |publisher=[[Anaheim, California]]: Foundation Publications (for the [[Lockman Foundation]]) |url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207004013/http://www.bible-researcher.com/nasb-preface.html |archive-date=2006-12-07 <!-- LATEST "site was updated" ARCHIVE --> |url-status=dead |quote=There is yet another name which is particularly assigned to God as His special or proper name, that is, the four letters YHWH (Exodus 3:14 and Isaiah 42:8). This name has not been pronounced by the Jews because of reverence for the great sacredness of the divine name. Therefore, it has been consistently translated as LORD. The only exception to this translation of YHWH is when it occurs in immediate proximity to the word Lord, that is, Adonai. In that case it is regularly translated GOD in order to avoid confusion.}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=February 2021}}

[[English Bible translations]] of the Greek [[New Testament]] render {{Lang|grc-latn|ho theos}} (Greek: {{Lang|grc|Ο Θεός}}) as [[God (word)|God]] and {{Lang|grc-latn|ho kurios}} (Greek: {{Lang|grc|Ο Κύριος}}) as "the Lord", with the latter being the "Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh."<ref name="GreenMcKnightMarshall1992">{{cite book |last1=Green |first1=Joel B. |last2=McKnight |first2=Scot |last3=Marshall |first3=I. Howard |title=Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship |date=18 February 1992 |publisher=InterVarsity |isbn=978-0-8308-1777-1 |page=271 |quote=Many of the uses of ''kyrios'' for God are in citations of the OT and in expressions derived from the OT (e.g., "angel of the Lord"), and in these passages the term functions as the Greek translation of the Hebrew OT name for God, Yahweh. For example, twenty-five of the uses of ''kyrios'' for God in Luke are in the first two chapters, where the phrasing is so heavily influenced by the OT. The third frequently used term for God is "Father" (''patēr''), doubtless the most familiar term for God in Christian tradition and also perhaps the most theologically significant title for God in the NT. Unlike the other terms for God already mentioned--without exception in the Synoptics, and with only a few exceptions in John--"Father" as a title for God appears only in the sayings attributed to Jesus (the Johannine exceptions are in editorial remarks by the Evangelist in 1:14, 18, a saying of Philip in 14:8 and the crowd's claim in 8:41).}}</ref>

[[Jesus]] (Iesus, [[Yeshua]]<ref>Yeshua ({{lang|he|ישוע}}, with vowel pointing {{lang|he|יֵשׁוּעַ}} {{tlit|he|yēšūă‘}} in Hebrew) [[Strong's Concordance|Strong's]] Yeshuwa</ref>) was a common alternative form of the name {{lang|he|יְהוֹשֻׁעַ}} ({{tlit|he|Yehoshua}} 'Joshua') in later books of the [[Hebrew Bible]] and among Jews of the [[Second Temple period]]. The name corresponds to the Greek spelling {{tlit|grc|Iesous}}, from which comes the English spelling ''Jesus''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ilan |first=Tal |title=Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity Part I: Palestine 330 BCE-200 CE (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum 91) |publisher=J. C. B. Mohr |year=2002 |location=Tübingen, Germany |pages=129}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Stern |first=David |title=Jewish New Testament Commentary |publisher=Jewish New Testament Publications |year=1992 |location=Clarksville, MD |pages=4–5}}</ref> ''[[Christ]]'' means 'the [[anoint]]ed' in [[Greek language|Greek]] ({{lang|grc|Χριστός}}). {{tlit|grc|Khristos}} is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word ''[[Messiah]]''; while in English the old Anglo-Saxon Messiah-rendering {{Lang|ang|hæland}} ('healer') was practically annihilated by the Latin {{Lang|la|Christ}}, some cognates such as {{Lang|nl|heiland}} in Dutch and Afrikaans survive—also, in German, the word {{Lang|de|Heiland}} is sometimes used as reference to Jesus, e.g., in church chorals).

In the [[Book of Revelation]] in the Christian [[New Testament]], God, that is, Jesus is quoted as saying "I am the [[Alpha and Omega|Alpha and the Omega]], the First and the Last, the Beginning and the End". (cf. {{Bibleverse|Rev.|1:8}}, {{Bibleref2-nb|Rev.|21:6}}, and {{Bibleref2-nb|Rev.|22:13}})

Some [[Quakers]] refer to God with the title of [[Light (theology)|the Light]]. Another term used is [[King of Kings]] or Lord of Lords and [[Lord of Hosts]]. In addition to the personal name of God YHWH (pronounced with the vocalizations Yahweh or Jehovah), titles of God used by Christians include the [[Biblical Hebrew language|Hebrew]] titles Elohim, El-Shaddai, and Adonai, as well as [[Ancient of Days]], [[God the Father|Father]]/[[Ab (father)|Abba]] which is Hebrew, "Most High".<ref name="Parke-Taylor2006"/> ''[[Ab (Semitic)|Abba]]'' ('father' in Hebrew) is a common term used for the creator within Christianity because it was a title Jesus used to refer to [[God the Father]].

==== Mormonism ====
{{Main|God in Mormonism}}
In [[Mormonism]] the name of God the Father is Elohim <ref name="Twelve 1916, p. 150">First Presidency and Council of the Twelve, 1916, "God the Father", compiled by Gordon Allred, p. 150</ref> and the name of Jesus in his [[Incarnation (Christianity)#Mormonism|pre-incarnate]] state was Jehovah.<ref name="Moroni 10:34">Moroni 10:34</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">Old Testament Institute Manual:Genesis to 2 Samuel—"Who is the God of the Old Testament?"</ref> Together, with the Holy Ghost they form the [[God in Mormonism|Godhead]]; God the Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Spirit.<ref name="churchofjesuschrist.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/76.12-24?lang=eng |title=Doctrine and Covenants 76:12-24 |website=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref> Mormons typically refer to God as "Heavenly Father" or "Father in Heaven".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mormon.org/faq/father-in-heaven |title=How can we come to know our Father in Heaven? |author=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints |website=Mormon.org}}</ref>{{ssn|date=November 2024}}

Although Mormonism views the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit as three distinct beings, they are one in purpose and God the Father (Elohim) is worshipped and given all glory through his Son, Jesus Christ (Jehovah).  Despite the Godhead doctrine, which teaches that God the Father, Jesus Christ and the Holy Ghost are three separate, divine beings, many Mormons (mainstream [[Latter-day Saints]] and otherwise, such as the [[Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints]]) view their beliefs as monotheist since Christ is the conduit through which humanity comes to the God the Father. [[The Book of Mormon]] ends with "to meet you before the pleasing bar of the great Jehovah, the eternal Judge of both the quick and dead. Amen."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/10.34?lang=eng |title=Moroni 10:34 |website=churchofjesuschrist.org}}</ref>

==== Jehovah's Witnesses ====
[[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe that God has a distinctive name, represented in the Old Testament by the Tetragrammaton. In English, they prefer to use the form ''Jehovah''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Holden |first=A. |year=2002 |title=Cavorting With the Devil: Jehovah's Witnesses Who Abandon Their Faith |at=Endnote [i] |publisher=Department of Sociology, Lancaster University |url=http://www.lancs.ac.uk/fass/sociology/papers/holden-cavorting-with-the-devil.pdf |access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref> According to their ''[[New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures]]'', the name ''Jehovah'' means "He causes to become".<ref>{{cite book |title=New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures |page=1735 |chapter=Appendix A4}}</ref>

Though scholars prefer the form ''Yahweh'', Jehovah's Witnesses maintain that the name ''Jehovah'' is the most well known form in English.{{citation needed|date=November 2024}} Their literature compares the use of the form ''Jehovah'' in English to the widespread use of ''Jesus'' in English as a translation of {{tlit|he|Yeshua}} or {{tlit|he|Yehoshua}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=What Does the Bible Really Teach? |page=195 |publisher=Watch Tower Society |year=2005}}</ref>

=== Islam ===
[[File:Allah Names in Chinese Arabic Script.jpg|thumb|99 names of [[Allah]], in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] [[Sini (script)]].]]
{{Main|Names of God in Islam}}
{{Further|Allah|God in Islam}}
[[Allah]]—meaning 'the God' in Arabic—is the word for God in [[Islam]].<ref name="Britannica">"Allah." [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</ref> The word ''Allah'' has been used by Arabic people of different religions since pre-Islamic times. More specifically, it has been used as a term for God by [[Muslims]] (both Arab and non-Arab) and [[Arab Christians]]. God has many names in Islam. The Qur'an says (in translation) "to Him Belong the Best Names ({{Transliteration|ar|Lahu Al-Asma' Al-Husna}})"; examples include ''[[Ar-Rahman]]'' ('the Entirely Merciful') and {{Transliteration|ar|Ar-Rahim}} ('the Especially Merciful'). Beside these Arabic names, Muslims of non-Arab origins may also sometimes use other names in their own languages to refer to God, such as [[#xoda<!-- explained above -->|''Khuda'']] in [[Farsi|Persian]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Urdu]]. {{Lang|ota|Tangri}} or ''[[Tengri]]'' was used in the [[Ottoman Turkish language]] as the equivalent of Allah.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Turks |volume=27 |page=472 |first=Charles Norton Edgcumbe |last=Eliot}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, Knower of the unseen and the witnessed. He is the Entirely Merciful, the Especially Merciful. He is Allah, other than whom there is no deity, the Sovereign, the Pure, the Perfection, the Bestower of Faith, the Overseer, the Exalted in Might, the Compeller, the Superior. Exalted is Allah above whatever they associate with Him. He is Allah, the Creator, the Inventor, the Fashioner; to Him belong the best names. Whatever is in the heavens and earth is exalting Him. And He is the Exalted in Might, the Wise. (Translation of Qur'an: Chapter 59, Verses 22-24)}}

==== Sufism ====
In [[Tasawwuf]], often characterised as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam, [[Hu (Sufism)|Hu]], {{tlit|ar|Huwa}} (depends on placement in the sentence), or ''[[Parvardigar]]'' in Persian are used as names of God. The sound {{tlit|ar|Hu}} derives from the last letter of the word [[Allah]], which is read as {{tlit|ar|Allahu}} when in the middle of a sentence. {{tlit|ar|Hu}} means 'Just He' or 'Revealed'. The word explicitly appears in many [[ayah|verse]]s of the [[Quran]]:
{{Blockquote|"{{tlit|ar|La ilaha illa Hu}}"|[[Al Imran]]:18}}

=== Baháʼí Faith ===
{{See also|God in the Baháʼí Faith}}
The [[Bahá'í literature|scriptures]] of the [[Baháʼí Faith]] often refer to God by various titles and attributes, such as Almighty, All-Possessing, All-Powerful, All-Wise, Incomparable, Gracious, Helper, All-Glorious, and Omniscient.<ref>{{cite book |last=Adamson |first=Hugh C. |title=Historical dictionary of the Bahá'í Faith |publisher=Scarecrow Press |location=Metuchen, NJ |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8108-5096-5}}</ref> Baháʼís believe the [[Greatest name|Greatest Name of God]] is "All-Glorious" or {{tlit|ar|bahá}} in Arabic. {{tlit|ar|Bahá}} is the root word of the following names and phrases: the greeting ''{{lang|ar|[[Alláh-u-Abhá]]}}'' ('God is the All-Glorious'), the invocation {{tlit|ar|Yá Bahá'u'l-Abhá}} ('O Thou Glory of the Most Glorious'), {{tlit|ar|Bahá'u'lláh}} ('the Glory of God'), and {{Transliteration|ar|Baháʼí}} ('Follower of the All-Glorious'). These are expressed in Arabic regardless of the language in use (see [[Baháʼí symbols]]).<ref name="smith_gn">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Smith |first=Peter |encyclopedia=A concise encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith |title=greatest name |year=2000 |publisher=Oneworld |location=Oxford |isbn=1-85168-184-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/167 167–168] |url=https://archive.org/details/conciseencyclope0000smit/page/167}}</ref> Apart from these names, God is addressed in the local language, for example {{Transliteration|hi|Ishwar}} in Hindi, {{Transliteration|fr|Dieu}} in French and {{Transliteration|es|Dios}} in Spanish.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}} Baháʼís believe [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, is the "complete incarnation of the names and attributes of God".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Revisioning the Sacred: New Perspectives on a Bahá'í Theology |first1=Jack |last1=McLean |first2=Anthony A. |last2=Lee |isbn=0-933770-96-0 |year=1997 |publisher=Kalimat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HWq67XexIHcC |page=66 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

===Mandaeism===
{{Main|Hayyi Rabbi}}
{{Further|Mandaeism}}
[[Mandaeism|Mandaeans]] believe in one God called {{tlit|myz|[[Hayyi Rabbi]]}} ('The Great Life' or 'The Great Living God').<ref name=Nashmi>{{Citation |last=Nashmi |first=Yuhana |title=Contemporary Issues for the Mandaean Faith |website=Mandaean Associations Union |date=24 April 2013 |url=http://www.mandaeanunion.com/history-english/item/488-mandaean-faith |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref> Other names for God used include {{tlit|myz|Mare d'Rabuta}} ('Lord of Greatness'), {{tlit|myz|Mana Rabba}} ('The Great Mind'), {{tlit|myz|Melka d'Nhura}} ('King of Light') and {{tlit|myz|Hayyi Qadmaiyi}} ('The First Life').<ref>Rudolf, K. (1978). Mandaeism. Leiden: Brill.</ref>

===Gnosticism===
{{main|Monad (Gnosticism)}}