Editing Naro language (section)

==Phonology==
Naro has the following consonant inventory (in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) as described by Miller (2011), whereas the orthographic symbols were proposed by Visser (2001):<ref>Visser originally wrote the palatal clicks with a base of {{angle bracket|ç}}, but switched to {{angle bracket|tc}} to make the language more accessible from English-language typewriters and keyboards.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes of Naro
|-
! rowspan=2| 
! rowspan=2|[[labial consonant|Labial]]
! rowspan=2|[[Dental click|Dental<br>click]]
! colspan=3|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan=2|[[Lateral click|Lateral<br>click]]
! rowspan=2|[[Palatal click|Palatal<br>click]]
! rowspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! [[Stop consonant|stop]]
! [[affricate]]
! [[alveolar click|click]]
|-
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]] 
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} {{grapheme|ph}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǀʰ}} {{grapheme|ch}}
|{{IPA link|tʰ}} {{grapheme|th}}
|{{IPA link|tsʰ}} {{grapheme|tsh}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǃʰ}} {{grapheme|qh}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǁʰ}} {{grapheme|xh}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǂʰ}} {{grapheme|tch}}
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} {{grapheme|kh}}
|
|-
! [[Tenuis consonant|Tenuis]] 
|{{IPA link|p}} {{grapheme|p}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǀ}} {{grapheme|c}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{grapheme|t}}
|{{IPA link|ts}} {{grapheme|ts}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǃ}} {{grapheme|q}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǁ}} {{grapheme|x}}
|{{IPA link|ᵏǂ}} {{grapheme|tc}}
|{{IPA link|k}} {{grapheme|k}}
|
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]] 
|{{IPA link|b}} {{grapheme|b}}
|{{IPA link|ᶢǀ}} {{grapheme|dc}}
|{{IPA link|d}} {{grapheme|d}}
|{{IPA link|dz}} {{grapheme|z}}
|{{IPA link|ᶢǃ}} {{grapheme|dq}}
|{{IPA link|ᶢǁ}} {{grapheme|dx}}
|{{IPA link|ᶢǂ}} {{grapheme|dtc}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{grapheme|gh}}
|
|-
! [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] 
|{{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǀ}} {{grapheme|nc}}
|{{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ᵑǃ}} {{grapheme|nq}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǁ}} {{grapheme|nx}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǂ}} {{grapheme|ntc}}
|
|
|-
! [[Glottalized click|Glottalized]]
|
|{{IPA link|ᵑǀˀ}} {{grapheme|cʼ}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ᵑǃˀ}} {{grapheme|qʼ}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǁˀ}} {{grapheme|xʼ}}
|{{IPA link|ᵑǂˀ}} {{grapheme|tcʼ}}
|
|
|-
! [[Fricative consonant|Fricated]]
|
|{{IPA|ǀkχ}} {{grapheme|cg}}
|{{IPA|tχ}} {{grapheme|tg}}
|{{IPA|tsχ}} {{grapheme|tsg}}
|{{IPA|ǃkχ}} {{grapheme|qg}}
|{{IPA|ǁkχ}} {{grapheme|xg}}
|{{IPA|ǂkχ}} {{grapheme|tcg}}
|({{IPA|kχ}} {{grapheme|kg}})
|
|-
! Fricated [[ejective]]
|
|{{IPA link|ǀkχʼ}} {{grapheme|cgʼ}}
|
|{{IPA link|tsʼ}} {{grapheme|tsʼ}}
|{{IPA link|ǃkχʼ}} {{grapheme|qgʼ}}
|{{IPA link|ǁkχʼ}} {{grapheme|xgʼ}}
|{{IPA link|ǂkχʼ}} {{grapheme|tcgʼ}}
|{{IPA link|kχʼ}} {{grapheme|kgʼ}}
|
|-
! [[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}} {{grapheme|f}}
|
| colspan=3|{{IPA link|s}} {{grapheme|s}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|x}} {{grapheme|g}}
|{{IPA link|h}} {{grapheme|h}}
|-
! [[Flap consonant|Flap]]
|
|
|colspan=3|{{IPA link|ɾ}} {{grapheme|r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

The phonemes {{IPA|/kχ/}} and {{IPA|/kχʼ/}} (spelt ⟨kg⟩ and ⟨kgʼ⟩) only contrast for some speakers: ''kgʼám'' ‘mouth’ vs. ''kgʼáù'' ‘male’. The flap /ɾ/ only occurs word-medially except in loan words. The lateral /l/ is only found in loans, and is generally substituted by {{IPA|/ɾ/}} medially, and by {{IPA|/n/}} initially. Medial {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} may be {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}; they occur initially only in ''wèé'' ‘all, both’ and in ''yèè'' (an interjection).

=== Vowels ===
Naro has five vowel qualities, /a e i o u/'','' which may occur long (/aː eː iː oː uː/ spelt ⟨aa ee ii oo uu⟩)'','' nasalized ''(/''ã ẽ ĩ õ ũ/''),'' [[Pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] ''(''/aˤ eˤ iˤ oˤ uˤ/ , spelt ⟨a&#x331; e&#x331; i&#x331; o&#x331; u&#x331;⟩, and combinations of these (/ãˤ ẽː/ ⟨ã&#x331; ẽe⟩ etc.). There are three [[Tone (linguistics)|tones]]: high, mid, and low

=== Syllable structure ===
[[Syllable]]s are in general simple in Naro, with the maximal shape CV(V)C'','' where VV is a long vowel or diphthong. The only consonant that occurs in coda position is {{IPA|/m/}}, as in {{IPA|/ᵏǁám̀/}} ''xám̀'' ‘to smell’. However, long nasal vowels such as {{IPA|/ãː/}} may occur with an [[Epenthesis|excrescent]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} as in {{IPA|[ãŋ]}}. [[Syllabic consonant|Syllabic]] {{IPA|/m n/}} also occur, as in {{IPA|/n̩.nā/}} ''nna.'' Nasals such as {{IPA|/m/}} can also form syllable nuclei, as in {{IPA|/hḿḿ/}}.