Editing Nasdaq (section)

==[[History]]==
===1972–2000===
[[File:NASDAQ.svg|thumb|Former logo used from 1971 to 2014]]
Nasdaq, Inc. was founded in 1971 by the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), which is now known as the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA).<ref name="history">{{Cite web |last=Terrell |first=Ellen |title=History of the American and Nasdaq Stock Exchanges |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130414213410/http://www.loc.gov/rr/business/amex/amex.html |archive-date=April 14, 2013 |publisher=[[Library of Congress]] }}</ref> "Nasdaq" (originally and still commonly spelled with all-capital letters as "NASDAQ") was initially an [[acronym]] for the National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations.<ref>[http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm Frequently Asked Questions. NASDAQ.com. NASDAQ, n.d. Web. December 23, 2001.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429200618/http://www.nasdaq.com/help/helpfaq.stm | date=April 29, 2010}}</ref> On February 8, 1971, the NASDAQ Stock Market commenced operations as the world's first fully electronic stock market.<ref name="history" /> Initially, NASDAQ served as a "quotation system" rather than a platform for electronic trading.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kennon |first=Joshua |date=March 26, 2019 |title=What Is the NASDAQ? |url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-nasdaq-356343 |website=[[Dotdash]] |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=March 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317134734/https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-the-nasdaq-356343 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first company to trade on NASDAQ was [[Intel Corporation]].

Since the launch of NASDAQ, many major companies trading on the [[Over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]] (OTC) market began switching to NASDAQ. As late as 1987, the NASDAQ exchange was still commonly referred to as "OTC" in media reports<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gilpin |first=Kenneth N. |date=July 3, 1987 |title=Company News: An Erratic Quarter for Stock Markets |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/03/business/company-news-an-erratic-quarter-for-stock-markets.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801050610/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/03/business/company-news-an-erratic-quarter-for-stock-markets.html |archive-date=August 1, 2017 |issn=0362-4331 }}</ref> and also in the monthly Stock Guides (stock guides and procedures) issued by [[Standard & Poor's]] Corporation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Salinger |first=Lawrence M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Vh2AwAAQBAJ&q=nasdaq+OTC+in+stock+guides+issued+by++standard+and+poor%27s+corporation&pg=PA638 |title=Encyclopedia of White-Collar and Corporate Crime |date=June 14, 2013 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-7616-8 |language=en}}</ref> Over the years, it became more of a stock market with the addition of trade and volume reporting and automated trading systems. In 1981, NASDAQ traded 37% of the U.S. securities markets' total of 21&nbsp;billion shares. By 1991, NASDAQ's share had grown to 46%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Widder |first=Pat |date=May 24, 1992 |title=NASDAQ Has Eye On Next 100 Years |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1992-05-24-2855271-story.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429130718/https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1992-05-24-2855271-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1992, the NASDAQ Stock Market joined with the [[London Stock Exchange]] to form the first intercontinental linkage of [[capital market]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Odekon |first=Mehmet |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1267 |title=Booms and Busts: ''An Encyclopedia of Economic History'' from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis: An Encyclopedia of Economic History from the First Stock Market Crash of 1792 to the Current Global Economic Crisis |date=March 17, 2015 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781317475750 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803133123/https://books.google.com/books?id=8O9nBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1267&lpg=PT1267&dq=Nasdaq+Stock+Market+the+london+Stock+exchange+1992#v=onepage&q=Nasdaq%20Stock%20Market%20the%20london%20Stock%20exchange%201992&f=false |archive-date=August 3, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1996, the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|SEC]] issued a report alleging that NASDAQ market makers [[Price fixing|fixed prices]] by avoiding "odd-eighths" quotes (at the time, stock prices were quoted in increments of an eighth of a dollar) to artificially widen spreads. The report was followed by a new set of rules for how NASDAQ handled orders.<ref>{{cite book |title = Dark Pools: High-Speed Traders, A.I. Bandits, and the Threat to the Global Financial System |last = Patterson |first = Scott |year = 2012 |publisher = Crown Publishing |isbn = 978-0307887177}}</ref>{{rp|102, 126}}

In 1998, it became the first stock market in the [[United States]] to trade online, using the slogan "the stock market for the next hundred years".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Feb 8, 1971 CE: 'Stock Market for the Next 100 Years' Opens |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb8/stock-market-next-100-years-opens/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719000823/http://nationalgeographic.org/thisday/feb8/stock-market-next-100-years-opens/ |archive-date=July 19, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |publisher=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> The NASDAQ Stock Market attracted many companies during the [[dot-com bubble]].

The exchange's main index is the [[NASDAQ Composite]], which has been published since its inception. The QQQ [[exchange-traded fund]] tracks the large-cap [[NASDAQ-100]] index, which was introduced in 1985 alongside the [[NASDAQ Financial-100]] Index, which tracks the largest 100 companies in terms of [[market capitalization]].

===2000–present===
[[Image:Nasdaq Composite dot-com bubble.svg|thumb|400x400px|During the [[dot-com bubble]], the [[NASDAQ Composite]] index spiked in the late 1990s. It then fell sharply as the bubble burst.]]
[[File:NASDAQ Market Site 201506.jpg|thumb|250px|Studio]]

On March 10, 2000, the [[NASDAQ Composite]] stock market index peaked at 5,132.52, but fell to 3,227 by April 17,<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASDAQ Composite daily index |url=http://www.econstats.com/eqty/eq_d_mi_7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115756/http://www.econstats.com/eqty/eq_d_mi_7.htm |archive-date=November 22, 2010 }}</ref> and, in the following 30 months, fell 78% from its peak.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glassman |first=James K. |date=February 11, 2015 |title=3 Lessons for Investors From the Tech Bubble |work=[[Kiplinger's Personal Finance]] |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/3-lessons-for-investors-from-the-tech-bubble-cm443106 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200655/http://www.nasdaq.com/article/3-lessons-for-investors-from-the-tech-bubble-cm443106 |archive-date=April 15, 2017 }}</ref>

In a series of sales in 2000 and 2001, FINRA sold its stake in the NASDAQ. On July 2, 2002, Nasdaq, Inc. became a [[public company]] via an [[initial public offering]], listing its own shares on the exchange (traded under the ticker symbol NDAQ).<ref>{{Cite web |title=INVESTOR FAQS |url=http://ir.nasdaq.com/resources/investor-faqs |publisher=Nasdaq |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930234214/http://ir.nasdaq.com/resources/investor-faqs |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2006, the status of the NASDAQ Stock Market was changed from a stock market to a licensed national securities exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walsh |first=Michelle |title=Nasdaq Stock Market Becomes A National Securities Exchange; Changes Market Designations |url=http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=109 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217225809/http://www.gfrlaw.com/pubs/GordonPubDetail.aspx?xpST=PubDetail&pub=109 |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref> In 2007, it merged with OMX, a leading exchange operator in the Nordic countries, expanded its global footprint, and changed its name to the NASDAQ OMX Group.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lucchetti |first1=Aaron |last2=MacDonald |first2=Alistair |date=May 26, 2007 |title=Nasdaq Lands OMX for $5.7 Billion; Are More Merger Deals on the Way? |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118007353287814521 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731070747/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB118007353287814521 |archive-date=July 31, 2017 |issn=0099-9660 }}</ref>

To qualify for listing on the exchange, a company must be registered with the [[United States Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC), must have at least three [[market maker]]s (financial firms that act as brokers or dealers for specific securities) and must meet minimum requirements for assets, capital, public shares, and shareholders.

In February 2011, in the wake of an announced merger of [[NYSE Euronext]] with {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Börse]]|italic=no}}, speculation developed that NASDAQ OMX and [[Intercontinental Exchange]] (ICE) could mount a counter-bid of their own for NYSE. NASDAQ OMX could be{{When|date=October 2016}} looking to acquire the American exchange's cash equities business, ICE the [[Derivative (finance)|derivatives]] business. At the time, "NYSE Euronext's market value was $9.75 billion. NASDAQ was valued at $5.78 billion, while ICE was valued at $9.45 billion."<ref>De la Merced, Michael J., [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/nasdaq-and-ice-hold-talks-over-potential-n-y-s-e-bid/?hp "Nasdaq and ICE Hold Talks Over Potential N.Y.S.E. Bid"] {{webarchive| url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120003131/http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/nasdaq-and-ice-hold-talks-over-potential-n-y-s-e-bid/?hp |date=January 20, 2012 }}, ''The New York Times'' Dealbook, February 18, 2011.</ref> Late in the month, NASDAQ was reported to be considering asking either ICE or the [[Chicago Mercantile Exchange]] to join in what would probably have to be, if it proceeded, an $11–12&nbsp;billion counterbid.<ref>Fraser, Michelle E., [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-26/nasdaq-may-ask-cme-or-ice-for-help-in-nyse-counterbid-wsj-says.html "Nasdaq May Ask CME or ICE for Help in NYSE Counterbid, WSJ Says"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220137/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-26/nasdaq-may-ask-cme-or-ice-for-help-in-nyse-counterbid-wsj-says.html | date=July 29, 2014}}, [[Bloomberg News]], February 26, 2011.</ref>

In December 2005, NASDAQ acquired [[Instinet]] for $1.9&nbsp;billion, retaining the [[Inet]] ECN and subsequently selling the agency brokerage business to [[Silver Lake Partners]] and Instinet management.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=NASDAQ Completes Acquisition of Inet |date=December 8, 2005 |publisher=Nasdaq |url=http://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nasdaq-completes-acquisition-inet |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200708/http://ir.nasdaq.com/news-releases/news-release-details/nasdaq-completes-acquisition-inet |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Authers |first=John |date=December 8, 2005 |title=Nasdaq completes purchase of Instinet exchange |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/3c0c61da-6841-11da-bfce-0000779e2340 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/3c0c61da-6841-11da-bfce-0000779e2340 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 2005 |title=Nasdaq to Acquire Instinet in $1.9 Billion Deal |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/business/nasdaq-to-acquire-instinet-in-19-billion-deal.html |url-access=subscription |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-date=April 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403041828/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/22/business/nasdaq-to-acquire-instinet-in-19-billion-deal.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The European Association of Securities Dealers Automatic Quotation System (EASDAQ) was founded as a European equivalent to the NASDAQ Stock Market. It was purchased by NASDAQ in 2001 and became NASDAQ Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TheBusinessProfessor |date=2025-02-23 |title=NASDAQ - Explained |url=https://thebusinessprofessor.com/nasdaq-explained/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=TheBusinessProfessor |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003, operations were shut down as a result of the burst of the [[dot-com bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 11, 2003 |title=Nasdaq Might Shut Down German Exchange |work=[[Deutsche Welle]] |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nasdaq-might-shut-down-german-exchange/a-945442 |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204200704/https://www.dw.com/en/nasdaq-might-shut-down-german-exchange/a-945442 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2007, NASDAQ Europe was revived first as Equiduct and was acquired by [[Börse Berlin]] later that year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Easdaq Makes A Comeback As Equiduct |url=http://www.securitiestechnologymonitor.com/supplements/20061231/19226-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106155659/http://www.securitiestechnologymonitor.com/supplements/20061231/19226-1.html |archive-date=January 6, 2011 |access-date=February 3, 2011 }}</ref>

On June 18, 2012, NASDAQ OMX became a founding member of the United Nations [[Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative]] on the eve of the [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] (Rio+20).<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Sustainable Stock Exchanges Initiative: Exchanges Listing Over 4,600 Companies Commit to Promoting Sustainability |date=June 18, 2012 |publisher=[[GlobeNewswire]] |url=http://inpublic.globenewswire.com/2012/06/18/Sustainable+Stock+Exchanges+Initiative+Exchanges+listing+over+4+600+companies+commit+to+promoting+sustainability+HUG1620418.html |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206171519/http://inpublic.globenewswire.com/2012/06/18/Sustainable%2BStock%2BExchanges%2BInitiative%2BExchanges%2Blisting%2Bover%2B4%2B600%2Bcompanies%2Bcommit%2Bto%2Bpromoting%2Bsustainability%2BHUG1620418.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jungcurt |first=Stefan |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Five Stock Exchanges Commit to Promoting Sustainability |work=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]] |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/five-stock-exchanges-commit-to-promoting-sustainability/ |access-date=September 16, 2019 |archive-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206171519/http://sdg.iisd.org/news/five-stock-exchanges-commit-to-promoting-sustainability/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2016, chief operating officer [[Adena Friedman]] was promoted to [[chief executive officer]], becoming the first woman to run a major exchange in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 15, 2016 |title=Nasdaq's New CEO Attributes Her Success to an 'Eclectic' Career Path |url=http://fortune.com/2016/11/15/nasdaq-new-ceo-adena-friedman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117153717/http://fortune.com/2016/11/15/nasdaq-new-ceo-adena-friedman/ |archive-date=November 17, 2016 |website=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]] }}</ref>

In 2016, Nasdaq earned $272&nbsp;million in listings-related revenues.<ref name="wsj-new">{{Cite news |last=Osipovich |first=Alexander |date=October 26, 2017 |title=Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/startup-exchange-cleared-to-take-on-nyse-nasdaq-for-stock-listings-1509010200 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026100518/https://www.wsj.com/articles/startup-exchange-cleared-to-take-on-nyse-nasdaq-for-stock-listings-1509010200 |archive-date=October 26, 2017 }}</ref>

In October 2018, the SEC ruled that the [[New York Stock Exchange]] and Nasdaq did not justify the continued price increases when selling [[market data]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Osipovich |first1=Alexander |last2=Michaels |first2=Dave |last3=Morgenson |first3=Gretchen |date=October 16, 2018 |title=SEC Ruling Takes Aim at Stock-Exchange Profits |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-to-rule-nyse-nasdaq-didnt-justify-market-data-fee-increases-1539721232 |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 18, 2018 |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019001901/https://www.wsj.com/articles/sec-to-rule-nyse-nasdaq-didnt-justify-market-data-fee-increases-1539721232 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=October 16, 2018 |title=SEC rules NYSE and Nasdaq did not justify data fee increases |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d0bacfb8-d185-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/d0bacfb8-d185-11e8-a9f2-7574db66bcd5 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Michaels |first=Dave |date=October 19, 2018 |title=NYSE, Nasdaq Take It on the Chin in Washington |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/nyse-nasdaq-take-it-on-the-chin-in-washington-1539941404 |url-access=subscription |issn=0099-9660 |access-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-date=October 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019204112/https://www.wsj.com/articles/nyse-nasdaq-take-it-on-the-chin-in-washington-1539941404 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2020, NASDAQ announced that it would strip its indexes of four Chinese companies in response to [[Executive Order 13959]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Kanishka |last2=Kerber |first2=Ross |date=December 12, 2020 |title=Nasdaq to remove four Chinese companies' shares from indexes after U.S. order |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-indexes-idUSKBN28L2XW |access-date=December 16, 2020 |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214132127/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-indexes-idUSKBN28L2XW |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2024, the [[European Commission]] said it had carried out an unannounced inspection at the offices of Nasdaq over potential [[anti-competitive practices]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Asgari |first=Nikou |last2=Espinoza |first2=Javier |date=2024-09-24 |title=Nasdaq and Deutsche Börse raided in EU antitrust investigation |url=https://www.ft.com/content/5c090e7c-49b1-4747-98e6-d6478ff9217b |access-date=2024-11-12 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In March 2025 the NASDAQ announced plans to introduce 24-hour 5-day a week trading on its United States exchange sometime during the second half of 2026 in response to increased global demand for U.S. equities pending approval by the [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/us/nasdaq-plans-24-hour-trading-tap-into-growing-international-demand-2025-03-07/ |title=Nasdaq plans 24-hour trading as global appetite for US stocks grows |last=Saini |first=Manya |work=Reuters |date=March 7, 2025 |access-date=March 11, 2025}}</ref>